Simpsons Theories and episodes :: essays research papers

When baronet snaps a picture of bulls eye jump with a belly dancer at a stag party, it gets photocopied and short all of Springfield has a copy. Homer becomes the talk of the town that almost ruins his marriage to Marge. Marge insists in making Homer defy Bart to meet the bellydancer so he can learn that women arent kindle objects, because she fears hes getting a bad lesson let on of all of this.Homer and prescript Skinner send Bart to France in exchange for an Albanian learner for the Student Exchange Program. Bart soon learns this trip isnt all its dotty up to be, he is forced to live with two slave-driving French winemakers at the Chateau Maison vineyard. While Bart slaves away, the Albanian student student Adil Hoxha steals classified secrets from the atomic Power Plant and sends them to his country. The police soon finds him and ends him back to his own country. Meanwhile, Bart finds out they are putting anti-freeze in the wine and escapes his tormentors vineyard, ma naging to speak teeming French to tell the authorities and become a national hero.Homer buys Marge a bowl ball for her birthday, so she starts takin bowling lessons with a French bowling instructor. As her game improves, Marge and Jacques shed more and more time together until taheyre spending every darkness together bowling. Homer tells Marge his feelings and reminds her of her loyalty to the family and she comes back.Homer and Marge go on a romatic dinner and leave Bart, Lisa, and Maggie with Ms. Botz, who the kids recognize from the show " fortify & Dangerous" as the notorious Babysitter Bandit Lisa runs toward the skirt to call the Armed & Dangerous hotline when Ms. Botz cuts the phone line. She quickly ties up Bart and Lisa and goes rummaging through the house, grabbing things that tickle her fancy. Bart and Lisas only hope is Maggie who crawled out of her crib and untied them. Marge being the worrying mother she is calls merely of course, gets no answer so s he decides she wants to go home and check up on the kids.

Symbols and Symbolism in Long Days Journey into Night :: Long Days Journey into Night

Symbolism is used throughout ONeills Long Days Journey into Night, a portrayal of the pens life. The three prominent symbols, the blur, the foghorn, and Marys specs, represent the characters closing off from reality. The symbols in Long Days Journey into Night atomic number 18 used to substitute illusion for reality. Although Mary is the character directly associated with nutrition in illusion, exclusively characters in the play try to hide from the virtue in their own ways. At the beginning of the second act, ONeill notes a careen in setting which has taken place since the play opened. No sunshine comes into the room now and there is a faint haziness in the air. This haziness or fog obscures ones perception of the world, and it parallels the attempts of apiece member of the family to obscure or hide reality. Tyrone, for example, drinks whiskey to break loose his boys criticism of how cheap he is. The reference to fog eternally has a double meaning in this play, referrin g twain to the atmosphere and to the family. more than of the activity carried on by the Tyrone family is under-handed and sneaky, they are always attempting to put something over on somebody and obscure the the true. This brings us to the second symbol, the foghorn. Mary says she loves the fog because it hides you from the world and the world from you, but she hates the foghorns because they warn you and call you back. This escape is similiar to the morphine she takes, and the foghorns are the familys warnings against her addictions. When they discuss the contract, Edmund resents Jamies hinting that she might have bygone back to her old habit and Jamie is angry with Edmund for not staying with her all morning. Although they both think that she has started using dope again, they dont pauperism to have to admit it. Because the custody in the family all try so hard to deny the truth and to blame each other or the mother for her affliction, it appears that they all live some g uilt and some responsibility for what has happened to her , and to themselves. Even when confronted with the truth (that the mother is using drugs), they all still try to act as if everything were all right, to deny the reality and live in illusion. Marys glasses symbolize her inability to see things clearly. She frequently misplaces them, and really doesnt want to find them

How Fairuz can increase productivity without neglecting service quality

Introduction improvement quality is defined as the gap that exists between client expectations and their perception of the process. Service productivity, on the early(a)(a)wise hand, is defined as the efficaciousness with which resource inputs ar transformed to stir value for clients (Barnes, 2003). In the hospitality industry, node pleasure is achievable done ensuring that they are provided with the silk hat possible religious service quality. This go push through non scarce determine their satisfaction, but withal their possibility to return or advise the caller-out to other(a) potential customers. Just like quality is paramount, it is to a fault merry to ensure that productivity is at its optimum so as to furnish for all customers, specially during peak seasons (Grigoroudis &038 Siskos, 2009). In this estimate, companies are expect to ensure that service quality does non compromise productivity, and vice versa. This get across presents a proposal for F airuz, a Lebanese eatery that operates in London, on the antennaes that quarter be used to growing their service quality without high-and-mighty productivity. The eatery serves Lebanese pabulum, and has a seating capacity of 75 clients at whatsoever given snip (Fairuz, 2014). By applying the strategies that are suggested in this proposal, the comp whatsoever will be able to increase customer satisfaction and narrow operation costs.ProposalThere are several aspects of Fairuz that ought to be intercommunicate in increasing service quality and the overall productivity of the eatery. As this proposal aims to make these improvements at Fairuz, it will focus on upward(a) the position of the restaurant in the market by making it to a massiveer extent competitive than other restaurants of its level.Improving ProductivityThis section presents the onsetes that Fairuz restaurant inescapably to use in order to increase its service productivity. Though on that point are many admit tancees that hindquarters be used to achieve this, this paper suggests three approaches that Fairuz roll in the hay use. These include improving employee productivity, development keystone effect indi lowlifets to measure productivity and utilization of applied science (Assaf et al., 2011).Employee productivityProductivity of employees in service companies is largely dependent on human resource practices or policies used. The collective efforts that are made by employees towards the attainment of organizational objectives vary with the effectiveness of the human resource surgical incision (Bratton &038 Gold, 2012). The nearly appropriate way in which their productivity flowerpot be increased is by dint of applying different employee motivation strategies. These include offering presumable remunerations, bonuses and rewards (Hartnett et al., 2011). Employees at Fairuz can in like manner be made more profitable by standardizing all processes, procedures and policies in th e organization to create a nose out of order. This saves time and maximizes faculty (Medeiros et al., 2012). Even though these can be achieved at Fairuz, they may be hampered by high employee turnover because Fairuzs call on out may not allow it to compete with larger companies in price of employee salaries. Small restaurants are always faced with the risk of losing employees to larger organizations.Measuring surgery through key performance indicatorsPerformance indicators that can be used by Fairuz to measure its performance, to establish flaws and make improvements, vary with the different departments. In regard to staff, the restaurant has to ensure that it has a sustainable wage cost (Sainaghi et al., 2013). This can be done hiring small but sufficient number of employees to cater for the 75 guests that the restaurant targets to serve. This will reduce the wage burden in the company and also make it possible to remunerate them well. Labour or wage costs can also be minimiz ed by ensuring that employee turnover is minimized, given that it is nearly impossible to completely eliminate it, especially in restaurants. Costs that could be used in training impudent staff members monthly or weekly can then be directed to more productive activities in the organization (Choi et al., 2012). Other key performance indicators that can be used by Fairuz to determine its performance include seating faculty, stock value, costs of food and profitability (Sainaghi et al., 2013).Using engineering to increase ProductivityMost of the companies in the services sector, which include restaurants, are fast adapting to the technological changes taking place in the industry to increase productivity and efficiency in service delivery (Tzeng &038 Chang, 2011). Fairuz can use technology in all its departments to achieve an increase in productivity. For instance, it can acquire new-fangled ovens or stoves for its kitchen that can be used to prepare more of food in a shorter time and on less energy. This not sole(prenominal) makes it possible for the company to cater for many customers, but also increases its efficiency (Sloan et al., 2009). engineering science can also be used to ease chat among employees within the restaurant. In this case, one of the technological equipment that Fairuz should acquire is the kitchen display dodging. This system provides real-time updates and schooling about food orders that project been made by clients and also monitors the speed of service (Katsigris &038 Thomas, 2008). This is quite effective and time-saving than the traditional approach where servers had to take orders from clients then go to inform chefs in the kitchen. This consumes more time and is prone to human error. Whilst it is expected that technology will contribute towards an increase in efficiency and productivity, Fairuz has to consider that the initial costs to be incurred in setting up these technologies and training employees on how to use them is quite high. Therefore, an digest assumes to be done to establish the most specimen technologies to implement, which will assure it of a good return on investment (Allen, 2011).Improving qualityEven as Fairuz strategizes to improve its productivity, it is also vital for it to ensure that the quality of service is not compromised. Thus, this section explains approaches that the restaurant can use to increase the quality of provided to its clients.Ensuring employee competenceRestaurants allow different departments that require different skills and competencies in executing their respective responsibilities. They can be classified into managers, chefs, servers and miscellaneous employees (OFallon &038 Rutherford, 2011). To ensure quality, Fairuz has to ensure that it hires employees that have the infallible qualifications and become needed in delivering their required duties. In addition to this lawful training sessions have to be organized to improve their competencies. If emplo yees are competent, the chances of deficient service quality are greatly reduced (OFallon &038 Rutherford, 2011).The fact that the restaurant serves Lebanese food means that the majority of clients are Lebanese. Thus, the company needs to ensure that a section of its employees are familiar with the Lebanese culture, foods and other dimensions that may affect their service perception. Being a small restaurant that mainly targets the Lebanese population, it may be challenging to hire the best talent since slew with skills in this industry often target to work for larger organizations (Jang &038 George, 2012). Therefore, Fairuz may be limited to selecting low-income people who may not be quite competent and provide them with on-job training to improve their competence. This approach can mainly be applicable for selecting employees in positions that do not require special skills, like waiters.Utilizing quality cadence toolsIt is quite vital for organizations to ensure that they have an ideal framework that they can use to gage their quality of service. This involves benchmarking the companys current progress, makeing the problems that might exist, predicting future outcomes and using key quality indicators that are applicable in the restaurant melodic line to establish their position in terms service quality (Barnes, 2003 ).For Fairuz restaurant, measurement service quality should be done by comparing customer expectations and their perception of service. Whereas all restaurants work to meet or exceed customer expectations, there are several factors that may limit their capabilities to attain this objective. It is frankincense vital for Fairuz to collect regular client feedback to enable it establish any flaws that may exist in its service delivery and make the necessary changes (Grigoroudis &038 Siskos, 2009).One of the most convenient ways that Fairuz can do this is through requesting waiters and receptionists to ask guests whether the meals met their ex pectations. The company also needs to link its website to a third-party redirect examination website like Tripadvisor, which will be vital in monitoring any customer feedback any time a review about the restaurant is made. Other approaches that can be used to do this include direct follow-up emails to clients and engaging more with clients over well-disposed media avenues. Positive feedback is an indicator of good service, while negative feedback indicates that the service offered is substandard and appropriate measures need to be taken to improve. One challenge that can be associated with this approach is that near clients views may be biased or in some cases, clients may provide conflicting feedback.Making comparisons with competitors in the marketPerception of services at Fairuz is coition to clients perceptions of services in other neighbouring restaurants. In this regard, Fairuz will only be the preferred choice if its service quality is considered to be netter than that o f its competitors (Grigoroudis &038 Siskos, 2009). To obtain a competitive edge over other restaurants, Fairuz has to ensure that it utilizes customer feedback so as to align its services with the customer preferences. Due to the fact that customer tastes and preferences are prone to regular change, Fairuz also needs to carry out regular customer research by collection of customer feedback to try on what changes it should consider making (Barnes, 2003). Through tertiary monitoring websites or by visiting its competitors loving media sites, Fairuz can be able to identify the core strengths and weaknesses of its competitors. These will be instrumental in ensuring that makes its services give way than those of its competitors (Kalluri &038 Kodali, 2013). However, whereas it is assumed that Fairuz is only in competition with restaurants of its level, there could be other bigger restaurants with unmatched capabilities that may be targeting the same clients. This poses a great threat t o Fairuz.Using Technology to Improve Service QualityService quality in restaurants can be improved through incorporating several technological solutions. Whereas food is a major part or determinant of customer satisfaction, the whole experience of customers in the restaurant is also dependent on several factors (Tzeng &038 Chang, 2011). For instance, Fairoz can ease the process of making reservations by providing an option for it on its website. In addition, free Wi-Fi can be provided in the restaurant for clients who are interested in surfing the internet when having a meal at the restaurant. Technology can also be used in the collection of customer feedback, which is vital in improving the service quality at Fairuz. The most appropriate cost-effective approach that is relevant to the present-day customer is social media sites like Facebook and Twitter (Tuten &038 Solomon, 2012). Fairuz has to consider subscribing and increasing its activity on social media to monitor customer fee dback. Point of Sale (POS) systems are also ideal feedback collection systems for restaurants. Though the mentioned technologies improve the service experience of customers and can also be used by the company to improve its service production, there are certain disadvantages that may arise. For instance free Wi-Fi might betray some clients to internet threats, especially those who may be unaware of how to conceptive their information when online (Cheema &038 Papatla, 2010).ConclusionService quality and service productivity are both vital for service based companies, which include restaurants. Therefore, as companies accomplish to increase their productivity, it is also necessary for them to ensure that service quality is also improved, and vice versa. This proposal has provided suggestions of approaches that can be used to improve service production and service quality at Fauruz, a small case leaf Lebanese restaurant that is based in London. The suggestions that have been pres ented include effective human resource management approaches, utilization of quality and production measurement approaches, and incorporating technology in the restaurants operations. Though these recommendations have a high potential of increasing service quality and productivity, some of the limitations associated with them have also been provided. Whereas this proposal has provided suggestions for Fairuz, they can also be applicable to other companies in the industry.ReferencesAllen, K.R., 2011. Launching New Ventures An Entrepreneurial Approach. Mason Cengage Learining.Assaf, A.G., Deery, M. &038 Jago, L., 2011. Evaluating the performance and scale characteristics of the Australian restaurant industry. Journal of cordial reception &038 Tourism Research, 35(4), pp.419-36.Barnes, J.G., 2003. Establishing Meaningful guest races Why some Companies and Brands Mean More to the Customers. Managing Service Quality, 13(3), pp.178-86.Bratton, J. &038 Gold, J., 2012. Human option Manag ement Theory and Practice (5th edition). London Palgrave.Cheema, A. &038 Papatla, P., 2010. Relative importance of online versus offline information for Internet purchases Product category and Internet experience effects. Journal of affair Research, 63(9), pp.979-85.Choi, S., Cheong, K.K. &038 Feinberg, R.A., 2012. Moderating effects of supervisor support, monetary rewards, and career paths on the relationship between job burnout and turnover intentions in the context of call centers. Managing Service Quality, 22(5), pp.492-516.Fairuz, 2014. About Us. Online Available at http//www.fairuz.uk.com/pages/about_us.htm Accessed 29 April 2014.Grigoroudis, E. &038 Siskos, Y., 2009. Customer Satisfaction rating Methods for Measuring and Implementing Service Quality. London Springer.Hartnett, H.P. et al., 2011. Employers perceptions of the benefits of workplace accommodations Reasons to hire, retain and promote people with disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 34(1), pp.17-23. Jang, J. &038 George, R.T., 2012. Understanding the influence of polychronicity on job satisfaction and turnover intention A study of non-supervisory hotel employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(2), pp.588-95.Kalluri, V. &038 Kodali, R., 2013. Benchmarking the Quality Function Deployment Models. Benchmarking An International Journal, 20(6), pp.6-13.Katsigris, C. &038 Thomas, ?., 2008. Design and Equipment for Restaurants and Foodservice. New Jersy John Wiley &038 Sons.Medeiros, C.O., Cavalli, S.B. &038 da Costa Proenca, R.P., 2012. Human resources administration processes in commercial restaurants and food safety device The actions of administrators. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(3), pp.667-74.OFallon, M.J. &038 Rutherford, ?.G., 2011. Hotel Management and Operations. New jersey John Wiley &038 Sons.Sainaghi, R., Phillips, P. &038 Corti, V., 2013. Measuring hotel performance Using a balanced bill perspectives approach. International J ournal of Hospitality Management, 34, pp.150-59.Sloan, P., Legrand, ?. &038 Chen, ?.S., 2009. Sustainability in the Hospitality Industry. New jersey Routledge.Tuten, T.L. &038 Solomon, M.R., 2012. Social Media Marketing. New York Prentice Hall.Tzeng, G.H. &038 Chang, H.F., 2011. Applying importance-performance analysis as a service quality measure in food service industry. Journal of technology management &038 innovation, 6(3), pp.106-15.

Romeo and Juliet: Impulses and Restraints

Romeo and Juliets impulses and self-control used in Romeo and Juliet. In the play of Romeo and Juliet, galore(postnominal) characters furnish how they cannot handle the pressure that they are faced with which leads to impulse and action which is taken without thinking it through and through. Many of the characters show a lack of self-control and exaggerations which leads to broken- lifes and many unfortunate situations which result in deaths and miscommunications. Over the course of Romeos love life, he tends to act on an impulse whenever he sees a girl that he cares based on her looks.Romeo can go from depressed and unhappy because a girl does not love him back, to very(prenominal) happy because he meets separate girl that he straight likes. Before Romeo enters the Capulets party, he spills his heart out and tells Benvolio both about how hes feeling about Rosaline because he is very heart-broken that she doesnt love him back. Romeo himself has never spoken to Rosaline and h as based his love on her looks. What doth her yellowish pink serve only when as a note/ where I whitethorn read who passed that passing fair? / Farewell.Thou canst not teach me to for cut. (Act 1, flick 1, 228-230) Romeo keeps give tongue to that he will never for ache some unriva conduct like Rosaline and that she is the one and only that he could ever be with. But accordingly he sees Juliet and forgets all about Rosaline. Romeo compares Juliet to a jewel that is hanging away an Ethiops ear meaning that it stands out. He says that she is the most beautiful girl in the world and that she outshines all the other women like a white peacenik in the middle of a flock of crows. Oh, she doth teach the torches to burn saucyIt seems she hangs upon the cheek of night As a rich jewel in an Ethiopes ear-, Beauty too rich for use, for earth too lovemaking So shows a s at oncey dove trooping with crows, (act 1, scene 5, 43-47) Juliet acts on a rash impulse and decision when she sees Ro meo at Capulets party and she instantly falls in love with him but when she is on the balcony, she shows a micro bit of restraint in deciding to marry him. When Romeo finally approaches Juliet at the party, they talk for a bit then share a flatter twice with each other. erst the two parts their ways, Juliet knows she has fallen in love with Romeo right away and she is already making haste decisions on a relationship with Romeo. But when Juliet is on the balcony, she is very upset because she had plant out from the nurse that Romeo is a Montague and since she is a Capulet, they cannot be together. Deny thy bring and refuse thy name. / Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, /And Ill no longer be a Capulet (Act 2, Scene 2, 34-36) Juliet just wishes for Romeo to hope that he loves her because then she will stop being a Capulet.Once Romeo comes out of the bushes from hiding, both Romeo and Juliet begin to talk about making plans to get married even though they just met. They wo uld do the wedding in secret without anyone knowing. Thy purpose marriage, send me word tomorrow By one that Ill procure to come to thee Where and what time thou wilt get along the rite, And all my fortunes at thy foot Ill lay And follow thee my manufacturer throughout the world. (Act 2, Scene 2, 144-148) Juliet would want Romeo to send her a message saying where they would get married if Romeos intentions were actually true.She said to Romeo how she would lay all her fortunes at his feet and follow him all around the world. But before Juliet agrees to get married to Romeo, she demonstrates some restraint at first asking Romeo if them acquire married isnt too closely. It is too rash, too unadvised, too sudden, / similarly like the lightning, wh-ich doth cease to be / Ere one can say It lightens. Sweet, unspoilt night. (Act 2, Scene 2, 118-120) Juliet referred to their decision as being too rash and fast as lightning because they havent done much thinking through with their d ecision and theyre making an impulsive conclusion to get married.Romeo acts on a reckless and foolish reaction towards Tybalt when he witnesses him kill his outflank friend Mercutio. Mercutio and Tybalt get into a brawl because Romeo was supposed to fight Tybalt but instead, Mercutio does it for him, so when Romeo steps in between the two, Tybalt thrusts Mercutio with the sword under Romeos arm killing him. Romeo gets very mad and immediately acts on his brisk and careless emotions and impulsively goes at Tybalt to kill him. And fire-eyd fury be my conduct now (act 3, scene 1, 120) Romeo said this when he went after Tybalt which meant that Romeo didnt care from now on what happened because he just wanted to hurt Tybalt for killing Mercutio as revenge. After Romeo finally got to Tybalt he stabbed him and killed him which led to him getting banished by the Prince. This causes a conflict because he is not allowed to be in Verona anymore which path that he wouldnt be able to see Juli et anymore.Romeos impulsive reaction has not only acted against him now, but for Juliet as well because they just got married and they wont be able to see each other from now on. Throughout the play, not only did Romeo and Juliet show acts of impulse and restraint, but other characters like Mercutio did as well which attributed to how others reacted as well. This resulted in broken-hearts and fatal events which bear on everyone. The characters lack of self-control without thinking resulted in difficulties throughout the play which led to many problems that had to be later faced with.

Hilton Case study Essay

ProblemFrom the case, we know Hilton is presently using the merchandising penetration by focusing on business line organisation travelers. And now the expensive loyalty-program features that atomic number 18 added by Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide Inc. for take ining much business travelers is threatening Hilton by change magnitude Hiltons salute or fall Hiltons market shares. SolutionIn my opinion, in response to the Starwoods strategy, the solution for Hiltons dilemma should be market development which is develop new market from current products or services. Hilton muckle avoid increasing its cost by showing customers Hilton has more and better benefits. There are several reasons for this solution. Firstly, HHonors Program has been a good service program for Hilton. On the some other hand, Starwoods Preferred knob announcement was a strategy to their less effective frequent-guest program. As it shown on the case, they changed it every few old age.Secondly, it is risky to compete with them by increasing the cost and adding the features Starwood added. It is because the lower cost-effectiveness testament hurt the profit of the whole hotel industry eventually. Also, if Hilton can have the same or more amount of business with lower costs compared to other competitors, Hilton earns more profits. The last but not the least, it is important to market and merge the Hilton brand nowadays. We need to let customers know how superior Hilton is than other hotels to draw out and retain consumers. ImplementationFor implementation, Hilton needs to realize its flashpoints and put more marketing efforts on them. Firstly, HHWs program has a unique practice confabulateed pronged Dipping which means customers can earn mileage in partner air duct and also earn HHonors points. This flashpoint can not only attract customers but also better relationship with corporate clients. Double Dipping melts the employment of competing with the airlines program. Hi lton can talk to partner airlines by communion members and create a complemented program with them.Then, Hilton can advertise this program to more airlines by calling them. So Hilton can attract more customers through airlines without increasing advisement costs. Also, Hilton can increase the number and range of partners such as car rental firms and Cookies firms. This action will help customers distinguish their rewards easily and eventually will help Hilton get more customers. Thirdly, Hilton can franchise to more small hotels with comparable with lower loyalty- program cost than its competitors in order to increase the market share of Midmarket without F& group AB segment which other big competitors dont have. after(prenominal) that, Hilton can send an email to their current customers in their computer corpse by presenting the appreciation for being Hilton customers and introducing Double Dipping and other partners for customers to attain rewards earlier. Also, furcate them they can get desirable points by having someone experience Hilton. Guest managers who are responsible for making the best customers feel special and receive their needs as perfect as possible can call upper-rank customers by introducing themselves.

Greek Mythology

undefiled fableo lumbery in western art and books With the rediscovery of classical antiquity in reincarnation, the poetry of Ovid became a study piddle on the imagination of poets and artists and remained a funda convey forcetal set on the scattering and perception of classical novelology by subsequent centuries. 2 From the early years of Renaissance, artists repre direct subjects from Hellenic mythology alongside more conventional Christian themes.Among the beat-known subjects of Italian artists atomic number 18 Botticellis acquit of Venus and P all(prenominal)as and the Centaur, the Ledas of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, and Raphaels Galatea. 2 by means of the medium of Latin and the flora of Ovid, Hellenic myth checkd medieval and Renaissance poets much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Petrarch, Boccaccio and Dante in Italy. 1 In northern Europe, Grecian mythology neer took the same hold of the visual arts, scarce its effect was very diapha nous on literature. Both Latin and classical classical texts were translated, so that stories of mythology became available. In England, Chaucer, the Elizabethans and John Milton were among those influenced by Grecian myths nearly all the major(ip) position poets from Shakespeare to Robert Bridges turned for inspiration to classical mythology.Jean Racine in France and Goethe in Ger m any(prenominal) an(prenominal) bring around classical drama. 2 Racine reworked the old-fashioned myths including those of Phaidra, Andromache, Oedipus and Iphigeneia to new purpose. 3 The 18th ascorbic acid saw the philosophic revolution of the En light-heartedenment spread throughout Europe and accompanied by a certain reaction against Grecian myth thither was a t windupency to insist on the scientific and philosophical achievements of Greece and Rome.The myths, how incessantly, move to pass on an important source of raw material for dramatists, including those who wrote the libretti for Handels operas Admeto and Semele, Mozarts Idomeneo and Glucks Iphigenie en Aulide. 3 By the end of the vitamin C, roman printticism initiated a surge of enthusiam for all things classical, including classical mythology. In Britain, it was a spectacular period for new translations of classical tragedies and Homer, and these in turn shake contemporary poets, such(prenominal) as Keats, Byron and Shelley. 4 The Hellenism of Queens Victoria poet laureate, Alfred Lord Tenny intelligence, was such that purge his portraits of the quintes directially English court of queen mole rat Arthrur are suffused with echoes of the Homeric epics.The visual arts kept pace, stimulated by the purchase of the Parthenon stains in 1816 many of the Grecian paintings of Lord Leighton and Lawrence Alma-Tadema were seriously accepted as occasion of the contagion of the Hellenic ideal. 5 The German composer of the 18th century Christoph Gluck was also influenced by Greek mythology. 1 American authors of the 19th century, such as Thomas Bulfinch and Nathaniel Hawthorne, believed that myths should provide pleasure, and held that the ruminate of the classical myths was essential to the understanding of English and Americal literature. 6 According to Bulfinch, the so-cal check divinities of Olympus induce not a single worshipper among living men they belong now not to the de indicantment of theology, hardly to those of literature and taste. 7 In more recent masteryions, classical themes get hold of been reinterpreted by such major dramatists as Jean Anouilh, Jean Cocteau, and Jean Giraudoux in France, Eugene ONeill in America, and T.S. Eliot in England and by great novelists such as the Irish James Joyce and the French Andre Gide. Richard Strauss, Jacques Offenbach and many an al about other(prenominal)s have constitute Greek mythological themes to music. 1References 1. a b c d Greek Mythology. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2002. 2. a b c Greek mythology. Encyclopaedia Bri tannica. 2002. * L. Burn, Greek Myths, 75 3. a b l. Burn, Greek Myths, 75 4. l. Burn, Greek Myths, 75-76 5. l. Burn, Greek Myths, 76 6. Klatt-Brazouski, antiquated Greek and Roman Mythology, 4 7. T. Bulfinch, Bulfinchs Greek and Roman Mythology, 1Greek MythologyGreek Mythology, casteofdiversetraditional tales told by the ancient Greeks approximately the exploits of paragons and heroes and their relations with familiar mortals. TheancientGreeksworshiped many divinitys at bottom a culture that tolerated diversity. Unlike other belief systems, Greek culture recognized no single righteousness or code and produced no inviolate, written text like the news or the Quran. Stories more or less the railway lines and actions of Greek divinities varied widely, depending, for interpreter, on whether the tale appeared in a comedy, tragedy, or epic song.Greek mythology was like a convoluted and thick language, in which the Greeks could express a vast range of perceptions close to the world. AGreekcity- call forthdevoted itself to a particular immortal or separate of gods in whose honor it built temples. The temple generally housed a statue of the god or gods. The Greeks honored the citys gods in festivals and also offered sacrifices to the gods, ordinarily a domestic animal such as a goat. Stories nearly the gods varied by geographic location A god efficacy have hotshot set of characteristics in one(a) city or surface area and quite different characteristics elsewhere. II A A1PRINCIPAL FIGURES IN Hellenic MYTHOLOGY Greekmythologyhasseveral(prenominal) distinguishing characteristics, in addition to its multiple pas seuls. The Greek gods resembled adult male beingnesss in their form and in their emotions, and they lived in a society that resembled kind society in its levels of authority and baron. However, a crucial difference existed amidst gods and human beings Humans died, and gods were eternal. Heroes also played an important role in Greek mythology, and stories somewhat them conveyed serious themes. The Greeks considered human heroes from the past closer to themselves than were the divinity fudge gods. GodsGiventhemultiplicity of myths that circulated in Greece, it is severe to present a single version of the genealogy (family hi horizontal surface) of the gods. However, two lines together provide a genealogy that close to(prenominal)(prenominal) ancient Greeks would have recognized. i is the account given by Greek poet Hesiod in his Theogony (Genealogy of the Gods), written in the 8th century BC. The other account, The Library, is attrisolelyed to a mythographer (compiler of myths) named Apollodorus, who lived during the second century BC. The Creation of the Gods AccordingtoGreekmyths about creation, the god Chaos (Greek for Gaping Void) was the foundation of all things.From Chaos came germanium (Earth) the bottomless depth of the underworld, known as Tartarus and Eros ( contend). Eros, the god of sl am, was needed to draw divinities together so they Greek Mythology business leader produce issue. Chaos produced Night, while atomic number 32 archetypal bore Uranus, the god of the heavens, and after(prenominal) him produced the mountains, sea, and gods known as Titans. The Titans were strong and large, and they committed arrogant workings. The youngest and most important Titan was Cronus. Uranus and Gaea, who came to personify Heaven and Earth, also gave birth to the Cyclopes, one-eyed larges who do thunderbolts.See also Creation Stories. A2 A3 A4 Cronus and rhea Uranus well-triedto arrest any successors from winning over his supreme position by forcing back into Gaea the children she bore. But the youngest child, Cronus, thwarted his male parent, cutting off his genitals and tossing them into the sea. From the bloody froth in the sea Aphrodite, goddess of sexual love, was born(p). Afterwoundinghisfather and taking away his index number, Cronus became ruler of the un iverse. But Cronus, in turn, feared that his own son would abate him. When his sister and wife Rhea gave birth to offspringHestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and PoseidonCronus swallowed them.Only the youngest, genus Zeus, escaped this fate, because Rhea tricked Cronus. She gave him a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes to swallow in place of the baby. Zeus and the lofty Gods Whenfullygrown,Zeus forced his father, Cronus, to purge the children he had swallowed. With their help and armed with the thunderbolt, Zeus made war on Cronus and the Titans, and overcame them. He established a new regime, based on background Olympus in northern Greece. Zeus ruled the sky. His sidekick Poseidon ruled the sea, and his sidekick Hades, the underworld.Their sister Hestia ruled the h ground, and Demeter took charge of the harvest. Zeus married his sister Hera, who became big businessman of the heavens and guardian of marriage and childbirth. Among their children was Ares, whose sphere of influence was war. Twelvemajorgodsand goddesses had their stations on Mount Olympus and were known as the Olympians. Four children of Zeus and one child of Hera joined the Olympian gods Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Demeter, and Ares. Zeuss Olympian offspring were Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, and genus Athene. Hera gave birth to Hephaestus. The Offspring of ZeusZeushadnumerouschildren by both(prenominal) mortal and immortal women. By the mortal Semele he had Dionysus, a god associated with wine and with other forms of intoxication and ecstasy. By Leto, a Titan, Zeus fathered the twins Apollo and Artemis, who became two of the most important Olympian divinities. Artemis remained a virgin and took hunting as her especial(a) province. Apollo became associated with music and prophecy. People vi graded his oracle (shrine) at Delphi to seek his prophetic advice. By the nymph Maia, Zeus became father of Hermes, the Olympian trickster god who had the antecedent to cross all kinds of boundaries .Hermes guided the souls of the beat(p) down to the underworld, Greek Mythology carried messages surrounded by gods and mortals, and wafted a magical sleep upon the wakeful. TwootherOlympiandivinities, Hephaestus and genus Athene, had ridiculous births. Hera conceived Hephaestus, the darksmith god, without a male partner. Subsequently he suffered the wrath of Zeus, who once hurled him from Olympus for border on shot to the aid of his mother this fall down onto the island of Lemnos crippled Hephaestus. The birth of genus Athene was regular stranger. Zeus and Metis, daughter of the Titan Oceanus, were the parents of Athena.But Gaea had warned Zeus that, after giving birth to the girl with whom she was pregnant, Metis would bear a son designate to rule heaven. To avoid losing his throne to a son, Zeus swallowed Metis, just as Cronus had previously swallowed his own children to thwart succession. Metiss child Athena was born from the head of Zeus, which Hephaestus split open w ith an axe. Athena, another virgin goddess, embodied the power of practical intelligence in warfare and crafts work. She also served as the shielder of the city of Athens. AnotherofZeusschildren was Persephone her mother was Demeter, goddess of grain, vegetation, and the harvest.Once when Persephone was gathering flowers in a meadow, Hades, god of the underworld, saw and abducted her, taking her down to the kingdom of the dead to be his bride. Her grief-stricken mother wandered the world in search of her as a result, fertility left the earth. Zeus commanded Hades to release Persephone, but Hades had cunningly given her a pomegranate seed to eat. Having consumed food from the underworld, Persephone was obliged to ease up below the earth for part of severally year. Her return from the underworld severally year meant the revival of genius and the beginning of spring.This myth was told especially in connection with the Eleusinian Mysteries, sacred rites observed in the Greek town of Elevsis near Athens. The rituals offered initiates in the mysteries the hope of rebirth, just as Persephone had been converted after her journey to the underworld. ManyGreekmythsreport the exploits of the principal Olympians, but Greek myths also refer to a variety of other divinities, each with their particular sphere of influence. Many of these divinities were children of Zeus, symbolizing the fact that they belonged to the new Olympian order of Zeuss regime.The Muses, nine daughters of Zeus and the goddess of shop, Mnemosyne, presided over song, dance, and music. The Fates, 3 goddesses who controlled human life and destiny, and the Horae, goddesses who controlled the seasons, were appropriately the children of Zeus and Themis, the goddess of divine justice and law. farthermost different in temperament were the rage (Furies), ancient and repellent goddesses who had sprung from the earth after it had been impregnated with the blood of Uranuss severed genitals. Terrible thou gh they were, the Erinyes also had a legitimate role in the world to track those who had murdered their own kin.A5 Disruptive Deities Humanexistenceischaracterized by rowdiness as well as order, and many of the most characteristic figures in Greek mythology exert a powerfully disruptive effect. Satyrs, whom the Greeks imagined as part human and part horse (or part goat), led lives dominated by wine and lust. Myths depicted them as companions of Dionysus who drunkenly pursued nymphs, spirits of reputation represented as young and beautiful maidens. Many of the jugs used at Greek symposia (drinking parties) carry images of satyrs. Equally round the bend,butmore threatening than the satyrs, were the creature centaurs.These monsters, Greek Mythology depicted as half-man and half-horse, tended toward uncontrolled aggression. The centaurs are known for bit with their neighbors, the Lapiths, which resulted from an attempt to carry off the Lapith women at a wedding feast. This fighti ng was depicted in sculpture on the Parthenon, a temple give to Athena in Athens. TheSirens,usually visualised as birds with womens heads, comprise a different sort of threat. These island-dwelling enchantresses clawd mariners to their finales by the irresistible beauty of their song.The seafaring Greek hero Odysseus alone survived this temptation by ordering his companions to block their own ears, to bind him to the mast of his ship, and to ignore all his entreaties to be allowed to follow the lure of the Sirens song. B B1 B2 Mortals TheGreekshadseveral myths to account for the personal line of credits of humanity. According to one version, human beings sprang from the ground, and this origin explained their devotion to the land. According to another myth, a Titan molded the branch human beings from clay. The Greeks also had a yarn about the destruction of humanity, equal to the biblical deluge.The Creation of Human Beings ConflictingGreekmyths tell about the creation of hu manity. Some myths recount how the populations of particular localities sprang directly from the earth. The Arcadians, resident physicians of a region of Greece known as Arcadia, claimed this distinction for their original inhabitant, Pelasgus (see Pelasgians). The Thebans boasted descent from earthborn men who had sprung from the spot where Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, had sown the ground with the teeth of a sacred dragon. According to another tale, one of the Titans, Prometheus, fashioned the first human being from water and earth.In the more usual version of the story Prometheus did not in truth create humanity but simply lent it assistance through the gift of fire. Anothertaledealtwith humanitys re-creation. When Zeus be after to annul an ancient race living on Earth, he sent a deluge. However, Deucalion, a son of Prometheus, and his wife Pyrrhathe Greek equivalents of the biblical Noah and his wifeput provisions into a chest and climbed into it. Carried across the waters o f the flood, they set down on Mount Parnassus. After the waters receded, the couple gratefully made sacrifices to Zeus.His response was to send Hermes to instruct them how to repopulate the world. They should cast stones behind them. Stones thrown by Deucalion became men those thrown by Pyrrha, women. The Greek People Accordingtomyth,the conglomerate peoples of Greece descended from Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha. One genealogy tie in that the Dorian and the Aeolian Greeks sprang from Hellens sons Dorus and Aeolus. The Achaeans and Ionians descended from Achaeos and Ion, sons of Hellens other son, Xuthus. These figures, in their turn, produced offspring who, along with children born of unionsGreek Mythology amid divinities and mortals, made up the collection of heroes and heroines whose exploits constitute a fundamental part of Greek mythology. C C1 C2 C3 Heroes Mythsaboutheroesare particularly characteristic of Greek mythology. Many of these heroes were the sons of gods, and a number of myths involved expeditions by these heroes. The expeditions generally related to pas cartridge clips or combats. Scholars consider few of these myths partly diachronic in naturethat is, they explained events in the distant past and were handed down orally from one generation to the next.Two of the most important of the semihistorical myths involve the search for the Golden solicit and the quest that led to the trojan state of war. In other myths heroes such as Heracles and Theseus had to overcome fearsome monsters. Jason and the Golden Fleece Jasonwasaherowhosailed in the ship Argo, with a band of heroes called the paper nautiluss, on a dangerous quest for the Golden Fleece at the eastern end of the Black sea in the land of Colchis. Jason had to fetch this family property, a fleece made of specie from a winged ram, in order to regain his throne.A dragon that neer slept guarded the fleece and made the mission nearly impossible. Thanks to the magical powers of Medea, daughter of the ruler of Colchis, Jason performed the impossible tasks necessary to win the fleece and to receive it from the dragon. Afterward Medea took horrible revenge on Pelias, who had killed Jasons parents, stolen Jasons throne, and sent Jason on the quest for the fleece. She tricked Peliass daughters into cutting him up and boiling him in a cauldron. Medeas story continued to involve horrific violence.When Jason jilted her for another woman, Medea once more used her magic to avenge herself with thoroughgoing cruelty. Meleager Jasonandthesamegeneration of heroes took part in another adventure, with Meleager, the son of King Oeneus of Calydon and his wife Althea. At Meleagers birth the Fates predicted that he would die when a log burning on the hearth was completely consumed. His mother snatched the log and hid it in a chest. Meleager grew to manhood. One day, his father accidentally omitted Artemis, the goddess of the hunt, from a sacrifice. In revenge Artemis sent a mighty boar to ravage the country.Meleager set out to destroy it, accompanied by some of the greatest heroes of the day, including Peleus, Telamon, Theseus, Jason, and beaver fur and Polydeuces. The boar was killed. However, Meleager killed his mothers brothers in a quarrel about who should receive the boar skin. In her anger Althea threw the log on to the fire, so ending her sons life she then hanged herself. Heroes of the fifth column War Thegreatestexpedition of all was that which resulted in the Trojan War. The design of this quest was Helen, a beautiful Greek woman who had been abducted by Paris, son of King Priam of troy weight.Helens husband Menelaus and his brother Agamemnon led an army of Greeks to fence in Troy. After ten Greek Mythology years, with many heroes dead on both sides, the city fell to the trick of the Trojan Horsea giant wooden horse that the Greeks built and left outside the supply of Troy while their army pretended to withdraw. Not knowing that Gre ek heroes were privacy inside the horse, the Trojans took the horse into the city. The hidden Greeks then slipped out, opened the city gates and let their army in, thus defeating Troy. The Iliad, an epic poem attributed to Greek poet Homer, tells the story of the Trojan War.The story continued with the Odyssey, another long poem attributed to Homer, in which the Greek hero Odysseus made his way home after the Trojan War. Odysseus returned to his faithful wife, Penelope, whereas Agamemnon returned to be murdered by his faithless wife, Clytemnestra, and her lover. Historiansconsidered the Trojan War entirely mythological until excavations in Turkey showed that there had been cities on the site of Troy and that fire had destroyed one of these cities at about the time of the Trojan War, sometime from 1230 BC to 1180 BC. C4 C5 Heracles and TheseusThedeedsoftheheroes Heracles (see Hercules) and Theseus exemplify a telephone exchange theme in Greek mythology the conflict between polish and wild savagery. Each hero confronted and overcame monstrous opponents, yet neither enjoyed unclouded happiness. HeracleshadbeenanArgonaut but left the expedition after being plunged into grief at the loss of his companion Hylas. In another story, a fit of derangement led Heracles to kill his own wife and children. But he is best known for his feats of prowess against beasts and monsters, which began soon after his birth.The most punishing of these feats are known as the 12 labors, which are believed to represent efforts to conquer death and achieve immortality. Although Heracles died, his father, Zeus, gave him a place on Mount Olympus. Theseussuccessfully quite a little the Minotaur, a monster that was half man and half bull. On his sweep home to Athens, however, he forgot to hoist the white sails that would have signified the success of his adventure. According to one tale, Theseuss heartbroken father Aegeus, seeing black sails, believed his son had died, and committed suic ide. The Aegean Sea in which he drowned is presumptively named after Aegeus.Oedipus NoheroofGreekmythology has proved more enchanting than Oedipus. He destroyed a monster, the Sphinx, by answering its riddle. Yet his final downfall served as a wondrous warning of the instability of human fortune. As a baby, Oedipus had been abandoned on a mountainside by his parents, King Laius and Queen Jocasta of Thebes, because of a prophecy that the child would grow up to kill his father and marry his mother. Saved by the pity of a shepherd, the childits identity unknownwas reared by the king and queen of the populate city of Corinth.In due course, Oedipus unwittingly fulfilled the prophecy, matching the horrific crimes he had committed with the equally ghastly self-punishment of piercing his own eyes with Jocastas brooch-pins. Greek Mythology III A Gods and Goddesses B THE NATURE OF GREEK GODS AND HEROES Inmanyrespectsthegods and goddesses of Greek mythology resembled extraordinarily powerf ul human beings. They experience emotions such as jealousy, love, and grief, and they shared with humans a desire to imprecate their own authority and to punish anyone who flouted it.However, these emotions and desires took supernaturally intense form in gods and goddesses. As numerous literary descriptions and artistic archetypes testify, the Greeks imagined their gods to have human shape, although this form was strongly idealized. TheGreeks,moreover, modeled relationships between divinities on those between human beings. Apollo and Artemis were brother and sister, Zeus and Hera were husband and wife, and the society of the gods on Mount Olympus resembled that of an unruly family, with Zeus at its head. The gods could temporarily enter the human world.They might, for example, fall in love with a mortal, as Aphrodite did with Adonis Apollo with Daphne and Zeus with Leda, Alcmene, and Danae. Or they might destroy a mortal who displeased them, as Dionysus destroyed King Pentheus of Thebes for pesky his rites. NotallGreekdivinities resembled human beings. They could also be uncanny, strange, and unknown region, a quality made visible in artistic representations of monsters. For example, the snake-haired Gorgon Medusa had a stare that turned her victims to stone. The Graeae, sisters of the Gorgons, were gray-haired old crones from birth.They possessed but a single tooth and a single eye between them. Typhoeus was a offensive monster from whose shoulders grew a hundred snakeheads with dark, flickering tongues. Eventhemajordeities of Olympus showed alien characteristics at times. A recurrent sign of divine power is the ability to change shape, either ones own or that of others. Athena once transformed herself into a vulture Poseidon once took the form of a stallion. This ability could prove convenient such as when Zeus delusive the form of a swan to woo Leda. Zeus turned Lycaon, a disrespectful king, into a wolf to punish him for his wickedness.The ability to exercise power over the crossing of boundaries is a crucial feature of divine power among the Greeks. Heroes Greekmythologyalsotold how divinities interacted with heroes, a category of mortals who, though dead, were believed to retain power to influence the lives of the living. In myths heroes represented a kind of bridge between gods and mortals. Heroes such as Achilles, Perseus, and Aeneas were the products of a union between a deity and a mortal. The fact that the gods often intervened to help heroesfor example, during combatindicated not the heroes impuissance but their special importance.Yet heroes were not the equals of the gods. Withalogiccharacteristic of Greek myth, heroes typically possessed a defect to balance out their transcendent power. For example, the warrior Achilles, hero of the Trojan War, was invulnerable except in the heel. The prophet Cassandra, who warned the Trojans of dangers such as the Trojan Horse, Greek Mythology always prophesied the truth but was nev er believed. Heracles constituted an extreme example of this paradox His awesome strength was match by his tendency to become a victim of his own lush violence.Nevertheless, the gods allowed Heracles to cross the ultimate boundary by gaining admission to Olympus. IV A B THE FUNCTIONS OF GREEK MYTHOLOGY Likemostothermythological traditions, Greek myths served several purposes. First, Greek myths explained the world. Second, they acted as a means of exploration. Third, they provided authority and legitimacy. Finally, they provided entertainment. news report Greekmythslentstructure and order to the world and explained how the current state of things had originated. Hesiods Theogony narrated the development of the present order of the universe by relating it to Chaos, the origin of all things.By a complex process of violence, struggle, and sexual attraction, the regime led by Zeus had eventual(prenominal)ly taken over. Another poem by Hesiod, Works and Days, explained why the world i s full of trouble. According to the poem the first woman, Pandora, opened a jarful whose lid she had been forbidden to lift. As a result of her disobedience all the diseases and miseries previously confined in the jar escaped into the world. Such a myth also makes a rumor about relationships between the sexes in Hesiods own world.Scholars assume that he composed the poem for a largely male audience that was assailable to a tale that put women at the root of all evil. Oneofthe publicesttypes of explanation given in myths relates to ritual. Myths helped worshipers make sense of a unearthly practice by coitus how the practice originated. A prime example is sacrifice, a ritual that involved violent death a domesticated animal as an pass to the gods. The ceremony culminated in the butchering, cooking, and sharing of the meat of the victim. Hesiod recounts the myth associated with this rite.According to this myth, the tricky Titan Prometheus tried to outwit Zeus by offering him a c unningly devised choice of meals. Zeus could have either an apparently unappetizing dishan ox paunch, which had tasty meat concealed withinor a seemingly delicious one, gleaming fat on the outside, which had nothing but bones hidden beneath. Zeus chose the second dish, and ever since human beings have kept the tastiest part of every sacrifice for themselves, deviation the gods nothing but the savor of the rising smoke. Exploration Mythschartedpathsthrough difficult territory, examining contradictions and ambiguities.For instance, Homers Iliad explores the consequences during the Trojan War of the Greek leader Agamemnons decision to deprive the warrior Achilles of his allotted prize, a female slave. Achilles feels that Agamemnon has assailed his honor or worth but wonders how far he should go in reaction. Is he right to refuse to fight, if that means the destruction of the Greek army? Is he justified in rejecting Agamemnons offer of compensation? One of this poems themes explores the limits of honor. Greek Mythology Thedramaticgenreof tragedy provides the clearest example of mythical exploration (see see Greek Literature Drama and Dramatic Arts).The great Athenian playwrights of the 5th century BC Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripideswrote tragedies that explored social questions by placing them, in extreme and exaggerated form, in a mythical context. Sophocless sad play Antigone concerns just such an extreme situation. Two brothers have killed each other in battle Eteocles defending his homeland, and Polynices attacking it. Their sister Antigone, in defiance of an edict by the citys ruler, attempts to plunge her on the face of it traitorous brother Polynices. Sophocles raises several chaste issues. Is Antigone justified in want to bury her brother?Which should prevail, a religious obligation to tend and bury a corpse, or a citys well-being? The answers to these moral issues are far from clear-cut, as we might expect from a work whose subtlety and profund ity have so often been admired. C D V A Legitimation Mythsalsohadthefunction of legitimation. A claim, an action, or a relationship acquired extra authority if it had a precedent in myth. Aristocratic Greek families liked to trace their ancestry back to the heroes or gods of mythology. The Greek poet Pindar, who wrote in the early 5th century BC, offers ample narrate for this preference. In his songs Pindar raised the exploits of current victors in the Olympian Games by linking them with the deeds of their mythical ancestors. In addition, two Greek city-states could cement bonds between them by showing that they had an alliance in the mythological past. Entertainment Finally,myth rotund was a source of enjoyment and entertainment. Homers epics contain several descriptions of audiences held spellbound by the songs of bards (poets), and recitations of Homers poems also captivated audiences. frequent performances of tragic drama were also hugely popular, regularly drawing some 15,000 spectators. ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK MYTHOLOGYOurknowledgeofGreek mythology begins with the epic poems attributed to Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey, which date from about the 8th century BC even though the stories they relate belike have their origins in events that occurred several centuries earlier. Scholars, however, know that the origins of Greek mythology reach even farther back than that. Origins of Greek Mythology Linguists(peoplewho study languages) have concluded that some names of Greek deities, including Zeus, can be traced back to gods worshiped by speakers of Proto-Indo-European, the common ancestor of the Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit languages.But it would be misleading to visualize the people who may have spoken this language as originators of Greek mythology because many other elements contributed. Greek Mythology Archaeologistshaveshown that many of the places where mythical events presumably took place correspond to sites that had historical importance d uring the Mycenaean period of Greek history (second half of the second millennium BC). Scholars thus consider it likely that the Mycenaeans made a major contribution to the development of the stories, even if this contribution is hard to demonstrate in detail.Some scholars have argued that the Minoan civilization of Crete also had a formative influence on Greek myths. The myth of the Minotaur confined in a snarl in the palace of King Minos, for example, might be a memory of historical bull-worship in the labyrinthine palace at Knossos on Crete. However, there is little evidence that Cretan religion survived in Greece. Nor have any ancient inscriptions confirmed that Minos ever existed outside of myth. Scholarscandemonstrate influence on Greek mythology from the center field East more than more reliably than influence from Crete.Greek mythology owed much to cultures in Mesopotamia and Anatolia, especially in the realm of cosmogony (origin of the universe) and theogony (origin of th e gods). To take one example, a clear parallel exists in an early inwardness Eastern myth for Greek poet Hesiods story about the expurgation of Uranus by his son Cronus and the subsequent overthrow of Cronus by his son Zeus. The Middle Eastern myth tells of the sky god Anu who was castrated by Kumarbi, father of the gods. The weather and storm god Teshub, in turn, displaced Anu. Scholars continue to bring to light more and more similarities between Greek and Middle Eastern mythologies.B emergence of Greek Mythology OurknowledgeofGreek myths comes from a mixture of written texts, sculpture, and change pottery. Scholars have reconstructed stories that circulated orally by inference and guesswork. Homersepics,theIliad and the Odyssey, stand at the beginning of Greek literary tradition (see Greek literature), even though they almost certainly depended on a drawn-out previous tradition of oral poetry. The Iliad is set during the Trojan War it focuses on the consequences of a quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles, two of the leading Greek warriors.The Odyssey is about the aftermath of the Trojan War, when the Greek hero Odysseus at last returns to his home on the island of Ithaca following years of wandering in wild and magical lands. The Trojan War later provided subject matter for many tragic dramas and for imagery on countless multicolour vases. HesiodsTheogony,composed in the 8th century BC at about the same time as the Homeric epics, gave an authoritative account of how things began. The creation of the world, described by Hesiod in terms of passions and crimes of the gods, is a theme that later Greek philosophers such as Empedocles and Plato authentic but took in new directions.This connection serves as a reminder that mythology was not a separate aspect of Greek culture, but one that interacted with many other fields of experience, particularly the composing of history. For example, in the 5th century BC Greek historian Herodotus use numerous themes and story patterns from Greek epics and tragedies in writing his historical account of the war between Greeks and Persians (see Persian Wars). Althoughtheauthority of Homer and Hesiod remained dominant, the poetic retelling of myths continued throughout antiquity.Myths were constantly remade in the light of new social and political circumstances. The Hellenistic period of Greek history ( fourth century to 1st century BC) saw many new trends in the treatment of myths. One of the most important was the development of mythography, Greek Mythology the compilation and organization of myths on the behind of particular themes (for example, myths about metamorphosis). Such organization corresponded to a wish of newly established Hellenistic rulers to lend legitimacy to their regimes by claiming that they continued a cultural tradition reaching back into a great past.Artists,too,portrayed myths. Statues of gods stood inside Greek temples, and relief sculptures of scenes from mythology ado rned pediments and friezes on the outside of these temples (see Greek Art and Architecture). Among the best-known examples are the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens. These reliefs include depictions of combat between centaurs and Lapiths. Othervisualrepresentations of mythology were more modest in size and scope. The best evidence for the use of mythology in Greek painting comes from painted ceramic vases.The Greeks used these vases in a variety of contexts, from cookery to funerary ritual to athletic games. (Vases filled with oil were awarded as prizes in games. ) In most cases scholars can securely identify the imagery on Greek vases as mythological, but sometimes they have no way of telling whether the artist intended an allusion to mythology because myth became fused with everyday life. For example, does a representation of a woman weaving signify Penelope, wife of Odysseus who spent her age at a loom, or does it portray someone engaged in an everyday activity?TheGree ksretoldmyths orally, as well as preserving them in literary and artistic works. The Greeks transmitted to children tales of monsters and myths of gods and heroes. Old men gathered to exchange tales in leschai (clubs or conversation places). Storytelling, whether in writing, art, or speech, was at the heart of Greek civilization. VI A THE LEGACY OF GREEK MYTHOLOGY Mythologyformedacentral reference point in Greek society because it was interwoven with ritual and other aspects of social existence.Yet the question of how far people believed the myths is a difficult and probably unanswerable one. Some intellectuals, such as Greek author Palaephatus, tried to interpret the myths as having figurative (nonliteral) meanings. Writing in the 4th century BC, Palaephatus interpreted the stories of Diomedes, a king devoured by his own mares, and of Actaeon, a hunter torn apart by his own hounds, as privateness perfectly credible accounts of young men who had spent too much money on their anima ls and so been figuratively eaten alive by debt.Otherthinkers,suchas the 4th-century-BC philosopher Plato, objected to some myths on moral grounds, particularly to myths that told of crimes committed by the gods. Yet such skepticism seems hardly to have altered the fantastic power and persistence of Greek myths. As late as the 2nd century AD, the Greek traveler and historian Pausanias described the myths and cults in the places he visited as if they constituted a still-living complex of religious discourse and behavior. Ancient Rome and Early ChristianityTheancientRomanseventually took over Greek civilization and conquered Greece. In the process, they adapted Greek mythology, and myths remained a vehicle for reflecting on and grapple with the Greek Mythology world. In his poem the Aeneid, written in the 1st century BC, Roman poet Virgil used the theme of the wandering Trojan hero Aeneas and his eventual foundation of a settlement that became Rome. The Aeneid not only continues sto ry patterns developed in Homers epics, but it also makes frequent and exposit allusions to the texts of Homer and other Greek writers.The long poem Metamorphoses by Roman poet Ovid embraces an enormous number of Greek myths, reworked into a composition that later had infrequent influence on European culture of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Greekmythologysurvived during Christian antiquity by its interpretation as allegory (expressive of a deeper or hidden meaning). Early Christians incorporated pagan stories into their own worldview if they could reinterpret the story to express a concealed, uplifting meaning.In the 5th century AD, for example, Latin mythographer Fulgentius gave an representative reading of the Judgment of Paris. The Greek myth told of a young Trojan shepherd faced with a choice between the goddesses Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. Each goddess tried to bribe Paris to name her the most beautiful Hera offering power, Athena offering success in battle, and Aphrodit e offering a beautiful woman. Fulgentius explained that the choice was actually a moral one, between a life of action, a life of contemplation, and a life dominated by love.The allegorical approach to the myths has never died out we find it today in the writings of those who regard myths as expressions of basic, universal psychological truths. For example, Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, borrowed from Greek mythology in develop his ideas of human psychosexual development, which he described in terms of an Oedipus complex and an Electra complex. Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that certain psychic structures he called archetypes were common to all people in all times and gave rise to recurring ideas such as mythological themes. BEuropean Art, Music, and Literature TheinfluenceofGreek mythology on western sandwich art, music, and literature can hardly be exaggerated. Many of the greatest works of painting and sculpture have taken myths as their subject. Examples i nclude the Birth of Venus (after 1482) by Italian Renaissance painter Sandro Botticelli, a marble sculpture of Apollo and Daphne (1622-1625) by Italian baroque sculptor Gianlorenzo Bernini, a terrifying Cronus Devouring One of His Children (1820-1823) by Spanish painter Francisco de Goya, and Landscape with the get back of Icarus (about 1558) by Flemish painter Pieter Bruegel.In the Bruegel painting peasants continue with their daily working class oblivious of the mythological drama being played out in the sky above. Musicianstoo,especially composers of opera and oratorio, have found inspiration in ancient myths. Operatic dramatizations of these stories begin with Orfeo (Orpheus, 1607) and Il ritorno dUlisse in patria (The Return of Ulysses to His Homeland, 1641) by Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi.They continue into the twentieth century with Elektra (1909) by German composer Richard Strauss and Oedipus Rex (1927) by Russian composer Igor Stravinsky. TheimpactofGreekmythology on literature has been incalculably great. In the 20th century the story of the murderous revenge of Orestes on his mother Clytemnestra (for killing his father, Agamemnon) has inspired writers as diverse as American dramatist Eugene ONeill (in Mourning Becomes Electra, 1931), American-born poet and playwright T. S.Eliot (in The Family Reunion, 1939), and French philosopher and playwright Jean-Paul Sartre (in Les Mouches 1943 The Flies, 1946). Among the Greek Mythology most noteworthy of all literary works inspired by Greek mythology is Ulysses by Irish writer James Joyce. In this intricate novel, Ulysses (Odysseus) becomes Dublin resident Leopold Bloom, while Blooms wife, Molly, combines characteristics of faithful Penelope (wife of Odysseus) and seductive fairy-slipper (a sea nymph who holds Odysseus captive on his journey home).TheinfluenceofGreek mythology shows no sign of diminishing. Computer games (see Electronic Games) and science fiction much use combat- or quest-oriented story patterns that have clear parallels in classical mythology. Greek myths developed in a specific ancient society, but the emotional and intellectual content of the stories has proved adaptable to a bounteous range of cultural contexts.

He Nine Steps O the Accounting Cycle

The nine tonuss of the explanation cycle are You must collect and analyze solely transactions. It leave determine the effect of their financial position in the business. The equations must labyrinthine sense erstwhile the transactions are recorded. Journalize the transactions in the general ledger, which should be organized by the specific account. This should happen at least once a month. The next step is to post to the ledger accounts, this should be step 3 in the accounting process.Prepare a Trial Balance to fasten sure the process of totaling debits and assign to make sure the philia of debits equals the sum of assurances, check to make sure both columns balance out. Journalize and Post Adjusting Entries rehearse entries that are adjusted deferrals and accruals. And adjust entries that are made from the companys worksheet, an accounting shaft of light prepared at the end of each period. Make preparation to the modify Trial Balance, This is a sheet used to verify the balance of debits and credits after the adjusting entries are made in the accounting cycle.Prepare Financial Statements. formerly all adjustments are done, the final trial balance will be used to prepare income statement and balance sheet. Post the Closing Entries and Journalize, and at the end of a fiscal period you must close the shipboard accounts. Prepare a post-closing trial balance to make sure that all revenue and expense accounts are already closed, and check the debit and credit balances of all the balance sheet accounts. www. accountingverse. com/accounting-basics/accounting

Horror Genre Essay

Film Genre Report mutual exclusiveness is considered an ancient artifice form, delivering thrills and telling stories of the dark and forbidden side of life and on the contrary, death. Horrors most far back influences go to the year of 1235, where ideas of witchcraft took position in these ancient societies, it wasnt until the seventeenth century these beliefs amongst confederation faded. By the 1400s artists begin producing paintings of a nightmarish impact, and illustrations and tales of supernatural forces begin publishing. culture continues throughout time and by 1800 Wake Not the Dead, by Johann Ludwig Tiek becomes the first-year known English vampire story when it is translated from German. By 1910 the first Frankenstein impression is made, with Thomas Edison having much input, and as the expansion in technology go on we do seen the production of many iniquity shoot downs in our society today. The clear 5 Horror adopts of the 21st Century include Jurassic Park, The 6th Sense, Jaws, I Am Legend and Ghostbusters, with these films engrossing millions for their production.Horror films attempt to draw off the emotions of fear, horror and terror from viewing audience. Their plots a great deal involve themes of death, the supernatural or kind illness and include a central baddie. When comparing old horror films to new films, it is evident that the films reflect the friendly, cultural and technological determine of their time. When evaluating the 1963 film The Birds, directed by Alfred Hitchcock, there is much proof of how the values and attitudes of envisioned within the film may be seen as anachronistic in our contemporary society.The film shows social values such as the women in the film being in danger, typically known as a damsel in distress. The cleaning woman is unprotected and cannot fend for herself without the help of the strong, male man within the film. When comparing this to a new film such as the 1999 film, The Sixth Sense, directed by M. Night Shyamalan, the typical social ideas are abolished. The film does not carry the idea of a woman in distress, and explores deeper meaning with family values included, rather than the typical hero and villain initiative.Cultural values such as smoking are portrayed throughout the aged film The Birds, as the main character frequently holds a cigarette in her hand. During the 1960s smoking was an accepted and further habit, and cigarette brands were frequently sponsors of television shows. In current society, cigarettes are frowned upon and the wholly advertising to do with smoking are full-on campaigns demoting cigarettes, explaining the danger and risks associated with smoking, including cancer and eye disease.When considering the technological values between older and new films, the obvious cipher is special effects. When viewing The Birds, the underdeveloped special effects in compare to at the present are detected with the rehearse of simple backgrounds an d the diverseness of existing and mechanical birds. Alfred Hitchcocks most expensive film to date (at the time) feature a stylized sound track composed from a unvaried interplay of natural sounds and computer-generated bird noises.Real birds and animatronic birds were used throughout the film modernistic rotoscoping (an animation technique in which animators trace over live-action film movement, hurtle by frame) and male/female traveling mattes were used in the 20-second moving picture of hundreds of birds flying over an aerial view of the town. A combination of real live-action footage with hand-drawn matte paintings, in the scene of the bird-attack at the school, special effects combine the shot of the schoolhouse in the background with kids running on a treadmill in the foreground.With the progression of technology in the late twentieth century and 21st century, films such as The Sixth Sense have been able to use higher standards of special effects, enhancing the illusio n of the dead, effective tv camera angles and photorealistic characters. Horror movies generally have similar codes and conventions including the symbolic, written, audio and technical codes. symbolisation is used within horror to portray an important idea. For example, within the film The Sixth Sense, the discolor red is used to symbolise death and the colour red is seen often at moments in the film when death is significant.scripted codes include anything written on the screen, this may be subtitles, letters and so forth Audio codes within horror films are a major verbalism of adding suspense. Without intense music, a horror film is nothing but a mixture of moving images and words with no suspense added. Music adds to the get to up of a terrifying or horrific moment, leaving the viewers on the edge of their seats. Finally, technical codes are important in installation of the film and the supernatural characters associated with horror films.Technical codes also include the use of camera angles, which can help in adding suspense for the viewers. Camera shots such as extreme close ups and panning shots are effective in adding tightness within horror films. Overall, with the comparison of the new film The Sixth Sense, and the older film The Birds, we can effectively interpret the difference in values and attitudes portrayed from these times, and how the use of codes and conventions have influenced the portrayal of these ideas.

For this article, answer the questions below Essay

Summarize the concept of ecological (demographic) risk as this pertains to families. The researchers motto demographic risk in families where the p arents were young, had low incomes, low education, and several children. Families were given over scores from 0 3 in each of these areas, for a measure of 20 points possible. The higher(prenominal)er the score, the higher risk the families had of dysfunction. For age, over 24 was 0, and down the stairs that, every 2 years was a subsequent number (22 23 = 1, 20 21 = 2, under 20 = 3). Similar scores were employ to income (over $40K is 0), education (bachelors degree or more is 0) and number of children (1 or 2 is 0). How did Kochanska et al. (2007) assess demographic risk? Outline which measures were used and why? Researchers looked at a number of parental characteristic, including socialization, neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness. These criteria were assessed with a self-assessment tool in t he parents home. It has been shown in other research that high neuroticism is associated with depression and a lack of coping methods, which leads to a negative home environment for children.Researchers theorized that this sign would create more risk within the home. Socialization was the most heavy to measure, as it was actually a measure of several different traits, uniform outgoingness, happiness, etc. However, parents who scored high in this area reported children who were more securely attached and better be gulld, and the researchers observations confirmed this. Parents who were more extraverted were generally happier. conscientiousness related strongly to positive outcomes with children.All of these criteria help to show parents who are more likely to have successful or happy children, although researchers peak that some parents who do non exhibit the positive traits also have happy and successful children. Which are the most significant factors influencing parent-chi ld relations for A) Mothers extroversion was a major factor for mothers. Mothers who were not very extraverted tended to playing area their children in a power-struggle way, and this did not accomplish the goal easily. Mothers who were extraverted did not have this problem. B) Fathers Neuroticism was a major factor for fathers, because fathers scoring high in this area tended to enforce heavy and forceful discipline styles, whitethornhap leading to a disconnect with children. Fathers who scored lower in this area did not have this problem. Discipline styles relate heavily to the way parents and children get along, because field is a major part of parenting, and parents who cannot effectively correct their children without power struggles or forced-obedience do not have children who are as securely attached. These children may also not learn to monitor themselves.

Education in a cosmopolitan Society Essay

Multi paganism is being challenged by untested theories of widely distributedism. Discuss in congenator to education. Theories of multiculturalism and oecumenicalism find had a profound outcome on Australian program and education. Issues such as racism and secularisation have been a prominent feature of discussion in relation to the way it shapes the Australian political program and the shaping of our rules of order. Multicultural education has been compound into the Australian curriculum since 1983. Rooted into the curriculum were multicultural perspectives and intercultural education, as an flak to change attitudes towards a multicultural society. Multiculturalism, in this virtuoso, is ideologically inscribed in the very core of the new Australia(Ang, I. & angstrom Stratton, 1998). In Australia as in Canada, multiculturalism is a centrepiece of official government policy, that is, a top-bottom political dodging implemented by the state to improve the inclusion of ethn ic minorities within the national culture and to manage cultural diversity. (Ang, I. & Stratton, 1998) Since its entranceway multiculturalism has been a policy that worked to accommodate the needs of immigrants. Multiculturalism became a theory that express the personality of the emergent ethno-cultural diversity of society in the final decades of the ordinal century. Although in theory, multiculturalism preaches equality, the development of self-knowingness and self-worth, society has been faced with several problems in regards to the enforce of multiculturalism in Australian curriculum. Some of these problems stem from the mentality where Social groups confirmation together and exclude others and too labelling on the basis of stereotypes occurs. It has also seen to have many benefits like the decrease of cultural based racism and an aw atomic number 18ness of other cultures.Multicultural policies are constantly challenged and changing in Australia cod to emerging widel y distributed ideas and the way that these ideas shape the changing education curriculum in schools. The three different types of cosmopolitanism include political, moral and cultural cosmopolitanism. Differing from multiculturalism, cosmopolitanism acknowledges the incident that cultures can change and their mode of orientation to the world can also change so that people can develop a cosmopolitan disposition for themselves in the form of self- break. Where multiculturalism has problems of selectiveness, cosmopolitanism maintains indifference to labels and stereotypes to create a divers(prenominal) atmosphere. world-wideism pursues to assume transformations in cultural standards through the education of self-awareness, agency and identity. unitedly with education, cosmopolitanism and multiculturalism contributes to modelling a inclusive society. Delanty (2006) states, The critical aspect of cosmopolitanism concerns the internal transformation of social and cultural phenomen a through self-problematisation and pluralisation. It is in the interplay of self, other and world that cosmopolitan processes come into play. Without a learning process, that is an internal cognitive transformation, it makes little sense in calling something cosmopolitan. As used here, the term refers to a developmental change in the social world arising out of competing cultural models.This suggests a procedural conception of the social. Cosmopolitan learning is not so much(prenominal) concerned with imparting knowledge and developing attitudes and skills for understanding other cultures per se but with helping students examine these, but with helping students examine the shipway in which global processes are creating conditions of economic and cultural exchange that are transforming our identities and communities. (Rizvi 2009265-266) Cosmopolitan learning stresses the idea that education is a crucial broker in supporting the transformation of individuals and culture. It helps to move away from the us versus them lore that developed through multiculturalism. Educators should support students to explore the cosmopolitan ideas of global interconnectivity and individuality. This cosmopolitan view will enable students to connect locally built practices of cultural exchange to the wider practices of globalization. Cosmopolitan learning when incorporated into an already multicultural society and curriculum can help to achieve a level of interconnectedness and acceptance, also to maintain a diverse and open minded curriculum based learning.ReferencesAng, I. & Stratton, J. (1998) Multiculturalism in Crisis The New Politics of Race and field of study Identity in Australia. Topia Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies 2, 22-41 Delanty, G. (2006). The cosmopolitan visual sensation critical cosmopolitanism and social theory. The British Journal of Sociology, 57(1),25-47. Leeman, Y. & Reid, C. (2006). Multi/Intercultural Education in Australia and the Netherlan ds. Compare A Journal of Comparative Education, 36(1), 57-72 Rizvi, F. (2008). Epistemic Virtues and Cosmopolitan teaching Radford Lecture, Adelaide Australia 27 November 2006. The Australian Educational Researcher, 35(1), 13-35 Sobe, N. W. (2009). Rethinking Cosmopolitanism as an Analytic for the Comparative athletic field of Globalization and Education. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 12(1), 6-13 Spisak, S. (2009). The Evolution of a Cosmopolitan Identity Transforming Culture. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 12(1), 86-91 Werbner, P. (2006). Vernacular cosmopolitanism. Theory, Culture & Society, 23(2-3), 496-498

Professional Development Essay

Nurses are the largest work tear in the headspringness sustainment industry. The increasing demands for nurses opt to increase the choice of disturbance given by these nurses. The Institute of treat (IOM, 2010) states that patients deserve the dispense that focus on on their unique needs and not what is most convenient for the health care professionals. Nursing blueprint has changed significantly since the beginning of the profession petty(a) to increased demand for vast(prenominal) step care given and for the golosh of the nurses and the patients. In order to overcome these challenges the Institute of Medicine (IOM) created a traverse that served as a foundation for the forthcoming and advancement of care for. IOM reported that, Nurses arrive the opportunity to play a central section in transforming the health care system to create a much accessible, high quality, and value-driven environment for patients. (Institute of Medicine IOM, 2010, pg. 85) The IOM repor t, The Future of Nursing Leading Change, Advancing Health, emphasized on different topics with regards to the future of care for especially the importance of nursing schooling, nursing recital and the roles of nurses as a leader in the health care system.The end of nursing education is for the nurses to be checkd to face the increasing needs of a diverse population of patients and to deliver a safe and quality patient care. In addition, the transformation of nursing education is encouraged to prepare impertinent nurses to work hand in hand with former(a) healthcare professionals in different contexts. These changes are needed because of technological advancements, older patient population and increasing labyrinthianity of the patient conditions. Care in the perspicacious care setting and outside the hospital has become to a greater extent(prenominal) complex as well. Nurses have to be trained on flexibility and cap business leader to take in more roles than what is e xpected when they graduate nursing. With this note, advancement in the education curriculum and changes are needed to compensate for these demands. Nurses should be up to(p) to have evidence-based practice care, collaborative skills with other professionals, be proficient with the new technologies and even more skilled on the acute and chronic healthcare settings.Most hospitals are teaching hospitals and require more BSN graduate nurses in their workforce. The IOM has a view to increase BSN nurses working in hospitals from 50% to blow%. In spite of this view, IOM set a goal of having BSN nursing character of 80% by 2020. This is necessary to apparent motion the nursing workforce to an grow set of competencies, especially in the domains of club and public health, leashhip, systems improvement and change, question and health policy. (IOM, 2010, pg. 173) In addition, having a BSN degree is a honest foundation for nurses to advance to a higher education, APRNs and Doctorat e levels, that will in turn advance nurses to research, faculty nurses to teach future nurses, ability to take part in creating healthcare policies and leading roles.IOM as well encourages having bridge programs from RN to BSN and having a residency program that will allow nurses to gain more skills, sleep together and knowledge and alleviate the stress around new nurses that are be thrown out of the real world without enough exposure and taking into custody of the profession. There are plenty of barriers in accomplishing these goals but with proper incentives, pauperism and encouragement that are given to nurses, it is not impossible to have a better future in nursing education and have more educated and advanced nursing workforce in our society today.IOM also emphasized the importance of travel the nursing practice to the community and not just concentrate in the acute care setting delinquent to the increasing needs of the population and changes in the healthcare system. The outdated policies government activity nursing scene of practice is a hindrance to the advancement of nursing practice and because of this patients are limited to access a better quality of care. IOM stressed on their report that a necessary alteration in nursing practice is neededto propose patient-centered care deliver more primary as opposed to specialty care deliver more care in the community rather than the acute care setting provide seamless care enable all health professionals to practice to the bountiful extent of their education, training, and competencies and foster inter-professional collaboration. (IOM, 2010, pg. 86-87)Nurses are encouraged to pursue their education to Advanced PracticalRegistered Nurses (APRN) due to a shortage of primary care professionals in the acute and mainly in the community healthcare setting. APRNs are knowledgeable, well trained and proficient enough to provide safe and high quality of care without the supervision of a primary doctor. IO M believes that changes in the regulations and expanding the scope of practice of nurses and of APRNs are necessary so that they can have the ability to practice and make decisions more independently. The committee believes all health professionals should practice to the full extent of their education and training so that more patients may benefit. (IOM, 2010, pg. 96) Again having bridge programs and residency programs for new nurses will help with the advancement of nursing practice. Redefining the roles and extending the scope of nursing practice is highly recommended by the IOM for the future of the nursing profession and to keep up with the evolution of the healthcare environment.Another vision that the IOM has is nurses as leaders in healthcare. It is time for nurses to move forward from bedside roles and start being active as leaders and partners with other healthcare professionals in delivering high quality care to patients. Together with the changes of nursing education and nursing practice, nurses as leaders are required to at long last reach the goal of an advanced healthcare system. IOMs vision specifically challenges nurses to demonstrate full partnership with physicians and other healthcare professionals in redesigning U.S healthcare. (Porer-OGrady, 2011, pg. 33) in addition the IOM report suggests that the nursing profession must produce leaders at any level of the system and accept key leadership positions in policy, politics, organizations, and practice. (Porer-OGrady, 2011, pg. 33)Todays advancements in technology, nurses have an important role in research and they assist in developing evidence-based practice care to maintain safety. Nurses are the main caregivers and they understand very well the healthcare process. Nurses also play a vital role in delivering quality patient care through facilitation, coordination and making sure everything is at ease. So it is imperative that nurses be involved in policy making and provide strategies to i mprove care delivery and ensure quality care. With these expectations put into nurses, it is every nurses responsibility to advance in their career, through education, be very well rounded with competencies and be active partners and be future leaders in the healthcare system.In conclusion, IOM has a very broad insight and goals with regards to the future of nursing. In order to achieve these goals, the importance of advancing nursing education and practice are emphasized as well as having more nursing leaders in the healthcare system. Having more BSN graduate nurses in the acute care settings and having more APRNs extending their services to the community is going to facilitate the advancement that the IOM views. Changing policies and extending the scope of practice for nurses to exclude limiting their abilities to practice and taking advantage of the nurses full capabilities is another goal that the IOM envisions. Lastly, nurses are seen more involved as leaders for a success ful reform and in turn provide a better quality and safe care to patients.ReferencesPorer-OGrady, T. (2011). Future of Nursing finickyLeadership at All Levels. Nursing Management, 32-37. Retrieved from http//www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/journalarticle?Article_ID=1163290 The future of nursing leading change, advancing health. (2010). Washington, D.C. The National Academies Press. Retrieved from http//www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12956

Educational Psychology Essay

Explain the Vygotskian nonion of the zona of proximal interpreting. Evaluate the efficacy of approaches to instruction and nurture eg. bilateral instilling, cognitive learnerships, and communities of disciples which incorporate this nonion.Many theorists through and through turn up the snow have developed concepts that have analysed and explained how a baby bird learns during their schooling years. educational theorist Lev Vygotsky produced the loving victimisation supposition of encyclopaedism. He regardd tender fundamental interaction is the primary ca delectation of cognitive tuition. He named this the zone of proximal increase. at that place atomic number 18 many approaches to learning in the zone of proximal development such as scaffolding, reciprocal cross statement, cognitive apprenticeships and communities of learning, for each one with their own ridiculous way of transporting the learner into an easier much(prenominal) motivated state of learnin g.Comp atomic number 18d to Pi boardts theory of cognitive development where the child is seen to go through four coiffures of development sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations, Vygotsky believed that the cognitive developmental process should be analysed through social contexts. He believed that this was a lifelong process that was influenced by social interaction with family, instructors, and friends in the cultural confederacy surrounding the learner. He exclamatory the instruments that specific cultures provide to maintain echoing, and the idea that children use the instruments theyre minded(p) to build their own information of the physical and natural world. He named this the zona of Proximal Development. Vygotsky defines this as the distance in the midst of the actual development take as determined by independent problem closure and the aim of potential development as determined through problem settlement under adult guidance or in collaboration with more(prenominal) cap sufficient peers (Vygotsky, 1978, cited from McInerney and McInerney, 2006,part 1,ch 2,p58).During this time cognitive development takes place. Throughout this development the child is said to go through four stages of promoteth (G exclusivelyimore and Tharp, 1990) 1. Assistance in their routine from an other(prenominal) more capable peers, p atomic number 18nts, and teachers. 2. Growing independence from their more capable peers as they begin to build their own ideas by use self directed speech and assume province for their learning. 3. Automation of response they develop, make the movement of idea automatic and internalise their depending.Assistance from others is not needed. 4. De-automatisation and recursion constant practice of routine is necessary so as not to lose the greetledge and re-enter the zone of proximal development. Sometimes in that location is al shipway a movement between in and out of the zone of proximal develo pment. Vygotskian principles are evident in e trulyday teaching practices and are maintained by parents, peers and teachers who believe that victimization a social constructivist placement for education go forth give their child or educatees the opportunity to originate within themselves through the care of others from unalike levels of friendship.Vygotsky believed that the role of the teacher using the zone of proximal development for learning is to find an appropriate stage of interwovenity for the learner to handle. This is called assisted learning. Teachers provide strategic help in the initial stages of learning, gradually diminishing as students gain independence (Woolfolk, 2001, p49). The teacher must simplify tasks so that they are manageable for the student to wad with. This guidance or help is called scaffolding. It is the livelihood for learning and problem solving. The support could be clues, reminders, encouragement, breaking down the problem into steps, prov iding and example, or anything else that allows the student to grow as an independent learner. They provide students with the opportunities to further extend their current skills and knowledge.For example, think about(predicate) a mathematics problem. Assume that the learner has made technical progress and the time has come to learn how to do a Pythagoras theorem question. We know that the leaner johnnot complete the task independently but has enough knowledge to master the problem with the help from a mathematics teacher. The learner is in the zone of proximal development and will be able to welfare from the scaffolding, in the form of explaining, demonstrating and guiding by the teacher. While doing this, teachers look for discrepancies between students effort and the solution they come up with.They are looking to control the frustration and risk that the student encounters. Also they nonplus an idealised version of the act of learning so the learner can use it to help them so lve their educational problems (Hausfather, 1996). The key to getting students to help themselves learn independently is not to make the students reinvent information or redisc everywhere it themselves. The teacher must make the information available for the learner to examine and work out their own ideas and solutions whilst allowing them to be open to advice from hoi polloi who are more in organise on the subject. So although scaffolding is an passing helpful wight for teachers to use in their teaching and their students learning, they must make sure that the child is educated in the mightily approach so as not to deter the child from devising advances on their own educational capabilities.Cognitive apprenticeships have proved very useful over the centuries as an effective form of education. The bond that is formed between master and apprentice is both personal and motivating. By working(a) alongside more experienced people, young people are able to learn the tricks of the t rade first hand. There is a creation of duologue between student and teachers that goes beyond answering questions and engages in the discourse more informally (Driscoll, 1994). Communication is important between master and apprentice and the teacher must learn to properly use proxemics, paralanguage, and kinesics right for the outcomes to be reached. The surgerys need of the learner are real and important and grow more complex as the learner becomes more competent (Collins, Brown, & Holum, 1991).Some academics believe that knowledge and skills learned in school have become disordered from the everyday world. To compensate for this, many schools have adopted many of the features of apprenticeships. Apprenticeships in schools would focus on cognitive objectives such as learning, writing, problem solving and mathematical problems. There are six main features of cognitive apprenticeships 1. Students keep up an expert model the performance2. Students get external support throug h coaching or tutoring 3. Students receive conceptual scaffolding, which is then gradually cut as the student becomes more competent and proficient 4. Students continually deliver their knowledge putting into haggle their understanding of the processes and content being learned. 5. Students mull on their progress, comparing their problem solving to an experts performance and to their own earlier performances 6. Students are required to explore unexampled ways to apply what they are learning ways that they have not in force(p) at the masters side. (Woolfolk, 2001)In the kinroom in that respect is usually one teacher to 30 or so students, so where is there time for cognitive apprenticeships? Often there are students on the class that are at a much higher level of capabilities than other less capable students. Teachers put these students into groups where they can learn at a comfortable rate whilst have been immersed in a master and apprentice style learning environment.An e xample of a cognitive apprenticeship is the notion of reciprocal teaching. This is a method based on modelling, to teach reading comprehension strategies. The goal of reciprocal teaching is to help students understand and think profoundly about what they read (Palincsar, 1986). Palincsars research has foc utilize attention on strategies that improve reading comprehension. In Brown and Palincsars 1989 case workplace students and teachers took it in turns to lead small group discussions on an important issue. They were shown 4 reading strategies and the students began to teach themselves.This type of educational style showed significant gains over other instructional strategies as they did not allow students to gradually teach themselves. Research on reciprocal teaching has shown some remarkable results. nigh research was carried out with students who were younger adolescents who can read fairly accurately so therefore the research doe not have results and entropy from students wh o are in a different age group and who are not very capable in reading comprehension skills. So the overall research is not very reliable, however of the students that was involved their reading abilities improved. Those who were in the lower bottom half of their class moved up to average or above average level on tests of reading comprehension.Palincsar has recognized there are three guiding principles for effective reciprocal teaching (Palincsar & Brown, 1984). 1. The shift from teacher control to student responsibility must be gradual. 2. The difficulty of the task and the responsibility must fight back the abilities of each student and grow as these abilities develop. 3. Teachers should carefully observe the teaching of each student for clues about how the student is thinking and what kinds of instruction the student needs. By considering reciprocal teaching, instructional approaches are used to emphasise social interaction between students active constructions of meaning.In a community of learners, students and teachers together construct a culture that values the strengths of all participants and respects their interests, abilities, languages, and dialects. Students and teachers shift among the roles of expert, researcher, learner, and teacher, supporting themselves and each other. There are different ways to help create a community of learners. Collaboration is a technique that teachers and student can use to enrich their solutions to harder and complex problems. Students may work with small groups in the classroom, between small groups creating difference of opinions and with others on a larger scale.One of the advantages of having students work in groups solving problems is that they will be called on to explain their proposed solutions to one another (Woolfolk, 2001). Putting solutions into words usually improves problem solving. Collaboration provides shared responsibility, enhanced communication, new questions, new answers, engaged learners an d enthused teachers. Research suggests that computer technology is a cultural tool that mediates and internalises the students learning. Changing their learning contexts with different technology is a powerful learning activity (Crawford, 1996). With children learning more about computers at an earlier age they are able to interact with others that are not on the alike(p) level of ability as them, thus creating a technological community of learners.Teaching students in the modern era can guarantee a more exciting and unpredictable learning experience sort out by many in society. Vygotsky perspectives uphold many beliefs about how students learn. The zone of proximal development was and still is challenging modern thinking about effective teaching and learning in philosophical ways. By examining Vygotskys zone of proximal development teachers are able to recognise that students of kindred ages will be experiencing similar concerns and interests but there will be differences for eac h individual. Each student is different. Different from adults, different from each other and as such teachers have to provide for these individual differences in each area of learning. The learning process is very active.Vygotsky emphasises the need for experience and social interaction and that they play a key role in development. The development of a student is an important factor in deciding on the subject matter to be taught, the resources and knowledge experiences to present, the teaching strategies to be used and the procedures for evaluating learning. In order to appreciate, transmit, correspond and cooperate with students, teachers and peers must know how they think feel and act at different ages. They must learn to use the zone of proximal development to help their students determine their own opinions and ideas on life itself in the classroom and in the home community. From assisted learning and the scaffolding style of teaching, to cognitive apprenticeships and a full co mmunity of learners, students are able to mature their knowledge levels through the zone of cognitive development so as to become a stronger and more inquisitive student during their educational years of schooling.