Solid waste management the most important element constituting the environmental health

unanimous pine forethought the to the highest degree big grammatical constituent constituting the environmental headspringnessAbstract upstanding counterbalance wariness is perhaps one of the close to important element constituting the environmental health and sanitation of urban developing firmament. The commission formation has several components which ar integ localised as well as mutualist thus the efficiency and effectiveness of the entire brass is affected when any of its functional component fails or does non actualize up to the train mark of exploit.Karachi urban center has been growing in commonwealth and expanding in argona since mid 1800s. The point estimated universe has reached oer 18 million with approximate workaday genesis of unhurt xerox arrive at quantities up to 9000 farsighted tonnes. There atomic number 18 18 municipal administrative divisions (TMA) and in addition 4 set uptonment areas in Karachi which are trus twainrthy for man aging steadfast go finished with(predicate) in their complaisanceive jurisdictions. Prior to administrative devolution (2001) Karachi municipal Corporation (KMC) was responsible for the charge of straight suck of the entire urban center. It is estimated that or so 80% of the municipal substantialness hazardous is universe hive away and conveyancinged to the 2 designated brass sites as proper well arenafill sites are yet to develop. then there has been an improvement in the emaciate collection and pane constitution since 90s when only 2/3rd of the municipal countervail was managed. The transportation weapon is through scraps vehicles using either hauled or fixed container carcass employing crew for mechanical or manual of arms loading. The egress of drool vehicles is understaffed and due to comparatively long haulage to disposal sites there are certain problems of frequent vehicular maintenance and high fuel cost.The procedure of power pointic secto r in collection of go off from streets and removal of reuse items from the substantive dissipation stream is significant. even so this unaccounted component needs to be acknowledged and integrated in the formal straight fumble centering system.Hospital baseless is a nonher significant component to pitch environmental and health impact on the urban society. In Karachi around 30% of the total MSW may be regarded as of hospital origin break of which 0.6 dozens per day is infectious. At source segregation put on is exercised at almost hospitals and laboratories with few outsized cloak-and-dagger and state-supported hospitals having their own in- plate disposal facilities, incineration units. City district political science has too aidd centralised incineration summons for public and nonpublic hospitals (health care units) through private contract having a message of 1000 kg/hour.Improvement dodgings have been proposed for Karachi substantialness waste guidance system. There is a need to adopt engineered approach in the redesigning of breathing system such as community bins and receptacles have to be designed and constructed for adequate fund capacities according to the generation rates, collection frequencies and safety device requirements to ascendance disease vector, all over spilling and check unwanted access of waste-pickers. In most of the towns street sweeping operations have been mechanised and done by machinery operated by vehicles. Construction of Garbage Transfer Stations (GTS) at exit of locations within the urban center will cut the cost of transportation of waste to disposal sites as long haulages will be reduced. Material affect, recuperation of reclaimables, calf love, volume reduction, and increase in density will enable transportation of waste to disposal sites / demesneed estatefills via long vehicles (bulk transport), minimising transport/traffic and environmental taint related issues. Development of dispos al sites into proper sanitary landfill sites are being considered and appropriate budgeting and planning is underway.Integration of informal (micro level) and formal (macro level) waste anxiety system is envisaged to be a plausible working solution for an cost-efficient and sustainable system gived through integration of primary collection system and waste recycle adopted from informal system.It may be conclude that square(p) waste wariness system is undergoing a change over time due to constructive approach, positive policy and decision make. However more concrete steps are to be taken beyond planning stage. The impact of SWM on the environment and aesthetics of Karachis urban scenario have been significant due to growing and expanding city and excessively owing to administrative conversions occurring over decades. The shortcomings in the SWM system of Karachi are being gradu aloney met and it is envisaged that if the political will is sustained it will soon meet its prese nt requirements as well as shall be able to cater the time to come demands of the city. enteringThe title of this research paper is very profound, diversified and intricate when intercommunicate specially in context to the demographic features of the Karachi metropolis, quantities and characteristics of unfluctuating wastes, the prevailing issues of solicitude system and practices of real waste disposal in the city. Though it is hard to encompass and comment on all the aspects in detail precisely an attempt has been made to highlight the most critical issues and recommend workable measures for improving the existing solid waste management system.Statement of the look into riddleSolid waste management (SWM) is an integral component of urbanization and infrastructure development of cities and becomes more essential and critical in the expanse of mega cities which are rapidly growing and expanding. The planning and design of solid waste management system which comprise of i ts components storage, collection, enthral, transport, processing and disposal requires detailed studies, extending from somatogenetic surveys, demographic and socio economical data collection, solid waste generation estimates and portraying analyses, various options for processing and disposal and finally technical and financial abstract for implementation and operation of the system.The present study is limited to defining canonical components of SWM system that are functioning in Karachi. The problems and issues of the existing SWM of Karachi need to be identified with the suggestions of possible solutions for the improvement in functioning and effectiveness of the system. assumptionThe hypothesis of the issue of solid waste management of Karachi can be expressed as sustained deficit in meeting the sensual requirement of resources due to unprecedented crop in urban population resulting in un go outled and increasing quantities of solid waste continuously requiring restruct uring of the management system, procurement and reallocation of physical and human resources and development of infrastructure which has not yet been achieved due to lack of priority and financial constraints.Significance of the look intoThe paper provides an overview of the general aspects of solid waste management in urban sector. The case study of Karachi shall be discussed in context to the functions of the SWM components and their infrastructure in effective removal and disposal of solid waste. The issues and problems associated with the management, operations and policy making is highlighted which will be significant to serve the purpose of this research archive as well to serve as a baseline for hike up research in the area.Research MethodologyThe adopted methodology is transparent yet comprehensive in defining and achieving the aimives of the research. The research statement has been hardened so as to address the problem, issues and objectives of the research study. Th e scope of the study has been understandably delineated based on the objectives of research. A brief look into of germane(predicate) literature encompassing scope and its research has been undertaken leading to acknowledgement of prevalent issues with an analytical approach to problem solving in solid waste management.The conclusion step uplines remedial measures, solution and recommendations for an integrated approach to Solid elope counselling in Karachi.Historical Backprimer and Existing ScenarioA veritable increase in the solid waste production, particularly municipal solid waste (MSW) has been observed over the past few years from to the highest degree 6,600 tons per day in late 90s to 9,000 tons/day of solid waste being incurd in the city of Karachi in 2005 (KSDP 2020).For over a half century, Karachi Metropolitan Corporation (KMC) has been administering the management of municipal solid waste of Karachi. After the devolution of the administrative structure in August 2001, the higher up service fell under the City District organization of Karachi (CDGK). Solid dotty Management within the City District is the combined office of CDGK, the Town Municipal Administrations (TMAs) and Union Councils.Present City District Government Karachi (CDGK) has 18 towns and alin concert 178 union councils. Each union council is responsible for providing waste collection services to an average of 9,500 households which is considered to be an ideal load for the management of municipal solid waste efficiently and effectively within its jurisdiction. In addition, the Cantonment Boards, Karachi Port Trust and Pakistan Steel Mills carry out their own waste collection and counterchangeence. The key agencies responsible for collection are the TMAs, who either use their own equipment or contract private sector operators in managing and operating the primary collection system. In many imprint income areas community based organisations (CBOs) are active in collectio n from households and reassign of MSW to community bins or katchra kundi. similarly in many areas sweepers are operating(prenominal) and have organised to collect garbage from residences, neighbourhood and communal streets. fewer high-income areas have house-to-house collection organised by appropriate garbage vehicles that transport refuse to disposal sites. There is an average population of around 560,000 coming under town administrations that are responsible for collecting and transporting solid waste to designated landfill site. District government is liable to provide and develop landfill site(s) for the city of Karachi at appropriate locations. It should also manage and operate those sites. Presently, there is as such no sanitary landfill site for Karachi. Only couple of designated prepares of land have been allocated for dumping of solid waste on daily can. The CDGK is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the two official open disposal sites at Jam Chakro a nd Gond Pass each 35 km from the city centre. both landfill developmental action mechanism or standard sanitary operation practice on these dumping sites is yet to be carried out.it is estimated that of the total household solid waste generated daily within the City District around 4,500 tons is lifted and of this, not more than 2,000 tons makes it to one of the two designated city landfill sites actually open dumping sites. The remainder is either remembered for cycle (an estimated 1,500 tons per day) or is tending(p) up of by burning or by illegal dumping into open drains or onto roadsides or open land (an estimated 1,400 tons)1. It is estimated that well-nigh 55,000 families depend on the informal solid waste recycling industry for their livelihood and with more than 1,000 operating units that the industry is worth some Rs 1.2 Billion per annum2.Hospital (infectious) wastes are co-disposed with the regular solid waste stream. The approachability of incineration faciliti es is on a very limited scale hence most hospital waste is co-disposed with general waste, representing a significant health risk. Onsite incineration forwardness is available in 3 to 4 major hospitals operating in public and private sector. However CDGK has facilitated collection and incineration facility to hospitals through private contractor(s) operating at one or two incineration plants3.Literature roundConcept of Solid botch up ManagementThe source of waste the maker, its generation quantities, volumes and characteristics of wastes all are essential to determine and critical for the designing, planning and operation of solid waste management system.Definition of Solid WasteIt allow ins all types of semi-solid and solid waste arising due to human or animal activity as well as due to natural calamity(s) that is worthless / unsuitable / unwanted or regarded as discarded material requiring removal and posterior disposal. Usually if not removed from the source of generation or disposed off properly may of potential hazard to environment (life and property).Waste is a relative term i.e. for one it may be useless or unwanted nevertheless for someone it may be a useful item (a commodity recovery, reuse, recycling)Defining Solid Waste ManagementIt is the integration of various activities associated with solid waste into well defined and organize manner to optimise the use of human, physical and economic resources and to prepare for the future needs. Solid waste management are the principles and practices comprised of effective management tools employ to different components of solid waste processes which include collection, storage, transportation, treatment and safe disposal.A comprehensive definition of SWM may be given asIt is a discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, designate and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economic s, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and early(a) environmental considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes.There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage amongst countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely- utilize concepts includeWaste hierarchy refers to the 3 Rs reduce, reuse recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the uttermost practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. broaden producer certificate of indebtedness (EPR) is a strategy designed to promote the integration of all costs associated with products throughout their life cycle (including end-of-life disposal costs) into the market price of the product. Extended producer responsibility is meant to impose accountabi lity over the entire lifecycle of products and package introduced to the market. This substance that firms which manufacture, import and/or sell products are required to be responsible for the products later their useful life as well as during manufacture.Polluter have a bun in the ovens principle (PPP) is a principle where the polluting party pays for the impact cause to the environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the waste.Hierarchy of Solid Waste Management in Karachi MetropolisAs defined above waste hierarchy means classification, according to the facet of desirability, of waste management strategies. The strategies could be to reduce waste or to reuse, recovery waste or intention to recycle waste, the 3 Rs of waste management. Another recent strategy is to rethink or review the present system for an improved system. Whatever the classification, the main and sole object o f waste management is to treat and dispose waste completely or minimize it from the environment, to safeguard the health of the community. Concurrently, the supplementary object is to extract utmost benefits from the waste by turning it in to a useful product.In case of Karachi these elite goals are still to be defined and strategies put as the primary task of cent percent collection of solid waste and its disposal i.e. providing waste management services to entire metropolis area is yet to achieve.Waste Source Reduction and SegregationNo information from official sources is available on this subject. There is no scheme launched by the solid waste management department of the district government to promote waste reduction of municipal solid waste at household level neither citizens are encouraged to segregate the waste into recyclables or non-recyclables at source. However public in their own interest group for some financial gain with collaboration and cooperation of informal se ctor municipal commercial waste producers segregate and sell their disposable or recyclable waste items to door-to-door collectors kabadis. Similarly, industries sell and dispose their waste to middle dealers and recyclers. Also a large volunteer force of waste pickers on mobilised on streets is operational as scavengers. These are mainly self employed tug of Afghan origin who collect recyclables from streets, community bins and open areas on daily basis sale to middle dealer to onward sale to recyclers. wherefore a very strong system of waste recovery from general solid waste stream and posterior recycling exists in the informal sector which is playing its part in the management of solid waste and reducing the burden on the overloaded formal sector of SWM but unfortunately its role has neither been recognised nor acknowledged.Integrated Solid Waste Management SystemIt is a methodology for solid waste management applied to all of the activities associated with the management of societys waste. The term integrated implies that the activities are interdependent and inter-related so as to formulate a comprehensive and effective waste management system.Integrated Solid Waste Management may be defined asIt is the selection and application of suitable techniques, technologies, and management programmes to achieve specific waste management objectives and goals.The basic aim of the integrated solid waste management is to manage solid waste in a manner that meets public health and environmental concerns and the publics desire to reuse and recycle waste materials.Hierarchy of Integrated Solid Waste ManagementA hierarchy (arrangement in order of rank) in waste management can be utilize to rank actions to implement programmes within the community. The integrated solid waste management hierarchy use may be sequenced asSource reduction,Recycling, gatheringWaste transformation andadministrationISWM programmes and systems should be actual in which the elements of hiera rchy are interrelated and are selected to support each other.The Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management.The Functional Elements of a Waste Management System may be classified as those activities which take home base within the system to meet the targets and objectives defined for the effective management of the solid waste. The components are those which are acquired and or physically developed (work force, infrastructure facilities, resources, etc.) to facilitate the functions of the SWM system. The typical functional elements of SWM in an urbanised developed sector may be listed as followsWaste generationWaste intervention and insularity, storage and processing at sourceCollectionSeparation and processing and transformation of solid wastesTransfer and transportDisposalWaste GenerationIt encompasses activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of regard as and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposal. It is important in waste generatio n to note that there is an identification step and that this step varies with each individual waste. At present waste generation activity is not very controllable, however, it is expected that more control will be exercised over waste generation in future.As already mentioned that waste generation phenomenon is dependent upon the demographic characteristics of town or city particularly the changing demography i.e. the population due to growth and expansion with modernisation and urbanisation process.Solid Waste Generation in KarachiIn case of Karachi the devolution of city administration in towns though ease off the administrative bottle necks to certain extent particularly in context to management of public services but with solid waste management which is more or less demographically controlled system the order of magnitude of the problem is not much reduced. It would therefore be appropriate to present the generation rates municipal solid wastes of different towns of Karachi in thought of their respective populations for certain year of study and projected likewise.As establish the quantities of solid wastes depend upon the demographic characteristics and its composition is highly variable means attributed to socioeconomic features as well as waste management practices. The overall composition of solid waste determined at household level is given as followsEstimated Per Capita Waste Generation Rate in Karachi consort to survey carried out in 2005 waste generation rate is estimated as 0.3 to 0.5 kg/capita/day. It is to be understood that generally the waste generation rate depends upon a number of factors such asIncome level of waste producerSocioeconomic and living styleFestive occasionsWaste management policies and programmesAwareness education about environment and waste concernsSources of waste generation in KarachiIn case of Karachi, sources of waste generation may be categorized as underDomesticCommercial,Green wastesHospitalindustrialThe types of wastes or garbage generated are household, commercial, institutional and street sweepings. On the basis of nature of waste it is classified as degradable (organic), non-degradable (recyclable / non-recyclable). The estimated figures given in the SWM account of Karachi Master Plan 2020 draft report 2005 are as followsmajor(ip) markets where organic waste is generated areVegetable market 100 ton per day,Empress market 70 tons per day exalted-income localities generate garbage constituent(a) Waste 60%Garden Waste 12%Recyclables 8%Low-income localities generate garbageOrganic Waste 40%Garden Waste 5% (max)Recyclables 15%The solid waste generate that is recovered atcategory level,Community bin level (prior to transfer / transportation) andDisposal siteWaste discourse and Separation, Storage and touch on at SourceWaste use and separation involves the activities associated with management of wastes until they are placed in storage containers for collection. Handling also encompasses t he movement of loaded containers to the point of collection. Separation of waste components is an important step in the handling and storage of solid waste at the source. The best place to separate waste materials for reuse and recycling is at the source of generation. Processing at the source involves activities such as compaction and yard waste converting.CollectionCollection includes not only the aggregation of solid waste and recyclable materials, but also transport of these materials, after collection to the location where collection vehicle is emptied. This location may be materials processing facility, a transfer office, or a landfill disposal site. In small cities, where disposal sites are nearby, the hauling of wastes is not a dangerous problem. In large cities, however, where the haul distance to the point of disposal is practically greater than 15 miles, the haul may have significant economic implications. Where long distances are involved, transfer and transport fac ilities are normally used. Collection and Transportation of Solid Waste in KarachiStages of collection of garbage is from house hold to community bin sites, (kachra kundi) and then to disposal sites. This is done in the spare-time activity waysStage 1 From house MSW is collected by private sweepers and resident brought to temporary storage / communal waste transfer facility i.e. community bins.Stage 2 From dust bins municipality vehicles transfer and transport solid waste to disposal sites OR to unofficial dumping ground (Primary transportation, 2-3 trips a day which by definition are long trips)Problem AnalysisThis is the most uneconomical way of SWM because the haulage is extraordinarily long and several vehicles have to make this long trips several times a day. Hence due to shortage of infrastructure and physical human resources with handling of large quantities of waste required the SWM becomes inefficient in handling, transporting and disposing waste effectively.The following problems arise in Karachi in primary collectionPoor attention of sanitary workers. Estimated number of employed sanitary workers employed in CDGK is 12000. dull decrease in number of community bins (4100), as a large number of garbage containers Katchra Kundi are in the workshop for repairs.Haphazard accruement of garbage on streets, in open spaces and in drains.Uncollected waste usually finds it way in sewers, is eaten by the cattle, or left to decomposition reaction in the open, or burnt on roadsides15 to 20% garbage vans remain out of order. Total number of waste vehicles estimated is 560.Landfill sites are rigid at long distance ranging from 10 to 70 km (up down) simply 300 to 400 trips of garbage vehicles are off loaded daily at landfill sites out of 1500 trips.Transfer and TransportThis involves two steps the transfer of waste from the smaller collection vehicle to the large transport equipment, and the subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long distances, to a processing or disposal site. The transfer usually takes place at a transfer station. Although motor vehicle transport is most common, rail cars and barges are also used to transport waste. The two systems for transfer and transporting solid waste through roads comprises of hauled and stationary container system.Transfer and Transport of Garbage in Karachi noncurrent ExperiencesIn mid 90s an experiment of using train carriages was done for hauling MSW of Karachi by the name of Garbage Train project. The project was launched by defunct KMC in 1995-1996. Garbage from Saddar, Lyari and other adjacent areas was brought to Wazir Mansion Railway station for onward transportation to Dhabeji through railway. The system ran for about 4 to 5 months. Rs 27 Million were spent on the project. The system failed due toHigh charges levied by railway authoritiesWagons provided by the railway authorities were out of date (not in good service condition)No proper infrastructure for loading unloadi ng of garbage could be developed at transfer stations.Processing and Recovery of Solid WasteIt includes the recovery of free materials, the separation and processing of solid waste components, and transformation of solid waste that occurs primarily in locations away from the source of waste generation. The types of means and facilities that are now used for recovery of waste materials that have been separated at source include kerbside collection, drop off, and buy back centres.The separation and processing of wastes that have been separated at source and the separation of commingled wastes usually occur at a materials recovery facility, transfer stations, combustion facilities, and disposal sites.Processing often includes the separation of bulk items, separation of waste components by size using screens, manual separation of waste components, size reduction by shredding, separation of ferrous metals using magnets, volume reduction by compaction and combustion.Transformation proces ses are used to reduce the volume and weight of waste requiring disposal and to recover conversion products and energy. The organic fraction of MSW can be transformed by a variety of chemical and biological processes. The most commonly used chemical transformation process is combustion which is used in articulation with the recovery of energy in the form of heat. The most commonly used biological transformation process is aerobic composting. The selection of a given set of processes will depend on the waste management objectives to be achieved.Processing of Organic Waste in Karachi An experimentA compost plant was established in the early 80s by a private contractor in North Karachi which remained operative for a short period and then was closed down due to following reasonsSupply of non-segregated refuse, piecemeal damaged the plant.Heavy operational losses.Gained favour during import of plant machinery and also acquisition of land for installation of the plant, as such there wa s not much financial stake of the contractor was involved.Deployment of untrained and unskilled staff.Non-cooperation from the municipal administration (informal sources).Disposal of Solid WasteIt is the final functional element in the solid waste management system. Nowadays, the disposal of wastes through landfill or land-spreading is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are residential wastes collected transported to a landfill site, residual materials from materials recovery facilities (MRFs), residues from the combustion of solid waste, compost, or other substances from various solid waste processing facilities.A modern sanitary landfill is not an open dump it is an engineered facility used for disposing of solids on land or within the earths mantle without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety.Landfill or more specifically sanitary landfill is an engineering term, which may be defined asAn engineered facility developed on a designated piece of land that principally receives waste as a fill over a period of time until the designated area is fully utilised. The development and operation of facility is usually cost effective while maintaining appropriate health, safety and environmental standards.Sites for Solid Waste Disposal in KarachiOnly two official landfill sites available and are in use in the city areJam Chakro near Surjani Town (500 acres)Gondpass near Hub river Road (500 acres)In addition to the above two marked sites, CDGK also acquired Dhabeji Landfill site (3000 acres) through notification of 2006 for the purpose of landfill operations in 2007 but the operations could not commenced due to administrative and financial constraints.Earlier the project of the Transfer and Disposal of Karachi City through Garbage (Kachra) Train started in mid 90s which used open and closed cargo wagons to transfer collected MSW from garbage transfer station (Wazir Mansion) hauling it to Dhabeji site for open dumping / disposal. The p roject was also not successful and ceased due to administrative issues and financial